Spatial variation in the atmospheric deposition of perfluoroalkyl acids: source elucidation through analysis of isomer patterns
| Autor: | Yali Shi, Jana H. Johansson, Matthew Salter, Ian T. Cousins |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
China
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences 010501 environmental sciences Management Monitoring Policy and Law 01 natural sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Air pollutants Isomerism Telomerization Environmental Chemistry Azores archipelago Cities Azores 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Sweden Air Pollutants Fluorocarbons Geography Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Kemi General Medicine Electrochemical fluorination Deposition (aerosol physics) chemistry Environmental chemistry Chemical Sciences Perfluorooctanoic acid Spatial variability Earth and Related Environmental Sciences Caprylates Environmental Monitoring |
| Zdroj: | Environmental science. Processesimpacts. 20(7) |
| ISSN: | 2050-7895 |
| Popis: | To evaluate the relevance of different proposed sources of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to air, their isomer patterns were analyzed in deposition samples collected from five geographical locations: two urban sites in China (>360 km from known operational fluorochemical manufacturing facilities), one remote marine site in the Azores archipelago and two Swedish sites representing urban and background conditions. Despite variable contributions from linear perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the samples, the pattern of branched PFOA isomers was similar to those of technical standards manufactured using electrochemical fluorination (ECF). This indicates that atmospheric fate processes have little influence on the isomer profiles of PFOA and that the relative contribution of PFOA manufactured using ECF (typically 20-26% branched isomers) and telomerization (typically one single linear isomer) can be determined in atmospheric deposition samples by analyzing the proportions of branched and linear isomers. In Chinese samples, branched isomers contributed 15-25% to the total loading of PFOA, indicating that the samples were dominated by ECF PFOA. Samples in the Azores had 8-10% contribution from branched PFOA isomers, indicating an approximately equal influence of ECF and telomer sources. Only three of the samples collected in Sweden displayed a quantifiable contribution from branched PFOA isomers (8-13% of overall PFOA loading in the samples). One branched PFNA isomer was observed in samples from the marine sites. Direct manufacturing discharges, transport of sea spray aerosols and degradation of precursors are all suggested to be contributing sources, albeit to different extents, to PFAAs in air at the different geographical locations where precipitation was sampled. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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