Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region
| Autor: | Anneli Poska, Kevin E. Parnell, Anders Wörman, Xiaoli Guo Larsén, Erik Kjellström, Tom Cronin, Magdalena Bełdowska, Anders Kiessling, Eduardo Zorita, H. E. Markus Meier, Tarmo Soomere, Karol Kuliński, Beata Szymczycha, Michelle L. McCrackin, Jarkko Saarinen, Michał Czub, Margit Eero, Sonja Oberbeckmann, Anders Omstedt, Jacek Bełdowski, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Emma Undeman, Juris Aigars, Cristian Pons-Seres de Brauwer, Marcus Reckermann, Naveed Akhtar, Kari Hyytiäinen |
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| Přispěvatelé: | Department of Economics and Management, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Economics of aquatic ecosystems, Environmental and Resource Economics, Ilmatieteen laitos, Finnish Meteorological Institute |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2022 |
| Předmět: |
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
QE500-639.5 02 engineering and technology 010501 environmental sciences CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS 01 natural sciences Klimatforskning COMBINED COASTAL PROTECTION Marine debris SDG 13 - Climate Action PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS other research area 020701 environmental engineering SDG 15 - Life on Land QE1-996.5 OFFSHORE WIND FARMS Environmental resource management Environmental Sciences (social aspects to be 507) Geology CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS 1171 Geosciences Microplastics Climate Research Baltic Sea SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE Science 0207 environmental engineering GOBY NEOGOBIUS-MELANOSTOMUS Climate change Land cover ACID-BASE SYSTEM Marine ecosystem SDG 14 - Life Below Water 14. Life underwater SDG 2 - Zero Hunger 1172 Environmental sciences 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Responsibility and Sustainability e.g. SDGs human impacts Land use business.industry fungi COD GADUS-MORHUA 15. Life on land Dynamic and structural geology coastal environment 13. Climate action INDIGENOUS ROUND GOBY Sustainability Environmental science General Earth and Planetary Sciences Coastal management business |
| Zdroj: | Reckermann, M.; Omstedt, A.; Soomere, T.; Aigars, J.; Akhtar, N.; Bełdowska, M.; Bełdowski, J.; Cronin, T.; Czub, M.; Eero, M.; Hyytiäinen, K.P.; Jalkanen, J.-P.; Kiessling, A.; Kjellström, E.; Kuliński, K.; Larsén, X.G.; McCrackin, M.; Meier, H.E.M.; Oberbeckmann, S.; Parnell, K.; Pons-Seres De Brauwer, C.; Poska, A.; Saarinen, J.; Szymczycha, B.; Undeman, E.; Wörman, A.; Zorita, E.: Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region. In: Earth System Dynamics. Vol. 13 (2022) 1, 1-80. (DOI: /10.5194/esd-13-1-2022) Earth System Dynamics, Vol 13, Pp 1-80 (2022) Reckermann, M, Omstedt, A, Soomere, T, Aigars, J, Akhtar, N, Bełdowska, M, Bełdowski, J, Cronin, T, Czub, M, Eero, M, Hyytiäinen, K P, Jalkanen, J-P, Kiessling, A, Kjellström, E, Kuliński, K, Larsén, X G, McCrackin, M, Meier, H E M, Oberbeckmann, S, Parnell, K, Pons-Seres de Brauwer, C, Poska, A, Saarinen, J, Szymczycha, B, Undeman, E, Wörman, A & Zorita, E 2022, ' Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region ', Earth System Dynamics, vol. 13, pp. 1-80 . https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1-2022 |
| ISSN: | 2190-4979 2190-4987 |
| DOI: | 10.5194/esd-13-1-2022) |
| Popis: | Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are stongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affects the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR), we present an inventory and discussion of different human-induced factors and processes affecting the environment of the Baltic Sea region, and their interrelations. Some are naturally occurring and modified by human activities (i.e. climate change, coastal processes, hypoxia, acidification, submarine groundwater discharges, marine ecosystems, non-indigenous species, land use and land cover), some are completely human-induced (i.e. agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, river regulations, offshore wind farms, shipping, chemical contamination, dumped warfare agents, marine litter and microplastics, tourism, coastal management), and they are all interrelated to different degrees. We present a general description and analysis of the state of knowledge on these interrelations. Our main insight is that climate change has an overarching, integrating impact on all of the other factors and can be interpreted as a background effect, which has different implications for the other factors. Impacts on the environment and the human sphere can be roughly allocated to anthropogenic drivers such as food production, energy production, transport, industry and economy. We conclude that a sound management and regulation of human activities must be implemented in order to use and keep the environments and ecosystems of the Baltic Sea region sustainably in a good shape. This must balance the human needs, which exert tremendous pressures on the systems, as humans are the overwhelming driving force for almost all changes we see. The findings from this inventory of available information and analysis of the different factors and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region can largely be transferred to other comparable marginal and coastal seas in the world. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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