Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning
| Autor: | Robert A. Bjork, Nate Kornell, Matthew Jensen Hays |
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| Rok vydání: | 2009 |
| Předmět: |
Questions and answers
Linguistics and Language Experimental psychology Recognition Psychology Experimental and Cognitive Psychology Cognition Academic achievement Neuropsychological Tests Serial Learning Correct response Language and Linguistics Test (assessment) Peace treaty Mental Recall Reaction Time Humans Attention Testing effect Psychology Social psychology Cognitive psychology |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 35:989-998 |
| ISSN: | 1939-1285 0278-7393 |
| DOI: | 10.1037/a0015729 |
| Popis: | Taking tests enhances learning. But what happens when one cannot answer a test question-does an unsuccessful retrieval attempt impede future learning or enhance it? The authors examined this question using materials that ensured that retrieval attempts would be unsuccessful. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants were asked fictional general-knowledge questions (e.g., "What peace treaty ended the Calumet War?"). In Experiments 3-6, participants were shown a cue word (e.g., whale) and were asked to guess a weak associate (e.g., mammal); the rare trials on which participants guessed the correct response were excluded from the analyses. In the test condition, participants attempted to answer the question before being shown the answer; in the read-only condition, the question and answer were presented together. Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhanced learning with both types of materials. These results demonstrate that retrieval attempts enhance future learning; they also suggest that taking challenging tests-instead of avoiding errors-may be one key to effective learning. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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