Village energy survey reveals missing rural raw coal in northern China: Significance in science and policy
| Autor: | Fan Meng, Shuyuan Li, Guorui Zhi, Jianzhong Sun, Junchao Yang, Zhigang Xue, Miaomiao Cheng, Hongyan Dang, Yuzhe Zhang, Liu Shijie, Yayun Zhang |
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| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
Rural Population
China 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Context (language use) Public Policy 010501 environmental sciences Environment Toxicology Urban area 01 natural sciences Agricultural economics Heating Beijing Air Pollution Surveys and Questionnaires Humans Coal Cooking Cities 0105 earth and related environmental sciences geography geography.geographical_feature_category business.industry Fossil fuel General Medicine Pollution Stove Air Pollution Indoor Housing Particulate Matter Seasons Rural area business Energy source Environmental Monitoring |
| Zdroj: | Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 223 |
| ISSN: | 1873-6424 |
| Popis: | Burning coal for winter heating has been considered a major contributor to northern China's winter haze, with the district heating boilers holding the balance. However a decade of intensive efforts on district heating boilers brought few improvements to northern China's winter air quality, arousing a speculation that the household heating stoves mainly in rural area rather than the district heating boilers mainly in urban area dominate coal emissions in winter. This implies an extreme underestimation of rural household coal consumption by the China Energy Statistical Yearbooks (CESYs), although direct evidence supporting this speculation is lacking. A village energy survey campaign was launched to gather the firsthand information on household coal consumption in the rural areas of two cities, Baoding (in Hebei province) and Beijing (the capital of China). The survey data show that the rural raw coal consumption in Baoding (5.04 × 103 kt) was approximately 6.5 times the value listed in the official CESY 2013 and exceeded the rural total of whole Hebei Province (4668 kt), revealing a huge amount of raw coal missing from the current statistical system. More importantly, rural emissions of particulate matter (PM) and SO2 from raw coal, which had never been included in widely distributing environmental statistical reports, were found higher than those from industrial and urban household sectors in the two cities in 2013, which highlights the importance of rural coal burning in creating northern China's heavy haze and helps to explain why a number of modeling predictions on ambient pollutant concentrations based on normal emission inventories were more bias-prone in winter season than in other seasons. We therefore recommend placing greater emphasis on the “missing” rural raw coal to help China in its long-term ambition to achieve clean air in the context of rapid economic development. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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