New insights into the development of the human cerebral cortex
| Autor: | David Edwards, Zoltán Molnár, Robert F. Hevner, Patricia P. Garcez, Ivica Kostović, Trygve E. Bakken, Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen, Eva S. Anton, Gavin J. Clowry, Pasko Rakic, Ayman Alzu'bi, Petra Susan Hüppi, Arnold R. Kriegstein, Nenad Sestan |
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| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Neuronal Medical Physiology Review Article Prefrontal cortex GABA 0302 clinical medicine Stem Cell Research - Nonembryonic - Human Cortex (anatomy) Subplate Gene Regulatory Networks Episodic memory Cerebral Cortex prefrontal cortex ddc:618 neuroimaging Pyramidal Cells calretinin Human brain Anatomy & Morphology medicine.anatomical_structure Cerebral cortex Neurological Anatomy Histology neuronal progenitors 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning Neurogenesis Thalamus Biomedical Engineering Neuroimaging Progenitors Context (language use) Biology Associative areas subplate neurons associative areas 03 medical and health sciences Calretinin Underpinning research Interneurons medicine Animals Humans Molecular Biology Overview Article Inhibitory interneurons Ecology Evolution Behavior and Systematics Neurosciences Subplate neurons inhibitory interneurons Cell Biology Stem Cell Research Brain Disorders 030104 developmental biology Neurodevelopmental Disorders Neuroscience 030217 neurology & neurosurgery Developmental Biology |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Anatomy Journal of Anatomy, Vol. 235, No 3 (2019) pp. 432-451 Journal of anatomy, vol 235, iss 3 |
| ISSN: | 1469-7580 0021-8782 |
| Popis: | The cerebral cortex constitutes more than half the volume of the human brain and is presumed to be responsible for the neuronal computations underlying complex phenomena, such as perception, thought, language, attention, episodic memory and voluntary movement. Rodent models are extremely valuable for the investigation of brain development, but cannot provide insight into aspects that are unique or highly derived in humans. Many human psychiatric and neurological conditions have developmental origins but cannot be studied adequately in animal models. The human cerebral cortex has some unique genetic, molecular, cellular and anatomical features, which need to be further explored. The Anatomical Society devoted its summer meeting to the topic of Human Brain Development in June 2018 to tackle these important issues. The meeting was organized by Gavin Clowry (Newcastle University) and Zoltán Molnár (University of Oxford), and held at St John's College, Oxford. The participants provided a broad overview of the structure of the human brain in the context of scaling relationships across the brains of mammals, conserved principles and recent changes in the human lineage. Speakers considered how neuronal progenitors diversified in human to generate an increasing variety of cortical neurons. The formation of the earliest cortical circuits of the earliest generated neurons in the subplate was discussed together with their involvement in neurodevelopmental pathologies. Gene expression networks and susceptibility genes associated to neurodevelopmental diseases were discussed and compared with the networks that can be identified in organoids developed from induced pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some aspects of in vivo development. New views were discussed on the specification of glutamatergic pyramidal and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. With the advancement of various in vivo imaging methods, the histopathological observations can be now linked to in vivo normal conditions and to various diseases. Our review gives a general evaluation of the exciting new developments in these areas. The human cortex has a much enlarged association cortex with greater interconnectivity of cortical areas with each other and with an expanded thalamus. The human cortex has relative enlargement of the upper layers, enhanced diversity and function of inhibitory interneurons and a highly expanded transient subplate layer during development. Here we highlight recent studies that address how these differences emerge during development focusing on diverse facets of our evolution. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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