Strategies for sample delivery for femtosecond crystallography
| Autor: | Aina E. Cohen, Henrike M. Müller-Werkmeister, Isabelle Martiel |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
serial femtosecond crystallography
Brightness Time Factors Computer science Electrons Nanotechnology 02 engineering and technology Crystallography X-Ray law.invention Crystal 03 medical and health sciences Structural Biology law ddc:570 Animals Humans Acoustic droplet ejection Institut für Biochemie und Biologie 030304 developmental biology 0303 health sciences Lasers sample delivery Macromolecular crystallography Proteins Acoustics Equipment Design Injector 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology Research Papers Sample (graphics) Synchrotron XFELs protein microcrystals Flow Injection Analysis Femtosecond Crystallization 0210 nano-technology |
| Zdroj: | Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Structural Biology |
| Popis: | Strategies for sample delivery of macromolecular crystals at X-ray free-electron lasers are reviewed, covering injection methods, fixed-target approaches and hybrid methods. Highly efficient data-collection methods are required for successful macromolecular crystallography (MX) experiments at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). XFEL beamtime is scarce, and the high peak brightness of each XFEL pulse destroys the exposed crystal volume. It is therefore necessary to combine diffraction images from a large number of crystals (hundreds to hundreds of thousands) to obtain a final data set, bringing about sample-refreshment challenges that have previously been unknown to the MX synchrotron community. In view of this experimental complexity, a number of sample delivery methods have emerged, each with specific requirements, drawbacks and advantages. To provide useful selection criteria for future experiments, this review summarizes the currently available sample delivery methods, emphasising the basic principles and the specific sample requirements. Two main approaches to sample delivery are first covered: (i) injector methods with liquid or viscous media and (ii) fixed-target methods using large crystals or using microcrystals inside multi-crystal holders or chips. Additionally, hybrid methods such as acoustic droplet ejection and crystal extraction are covered, which combine the advantages of both fixed-target and injector approaches. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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