SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective

Autor: Roxanne Pillay, Nomzamo Nembe, Zamathombeni Duma, Rajen N. Naidoo, Miranda N. Mpaka-Mbatha, Ravesh Singh, Pragalathan Naidoo, Zilungile L. Mkhize-Kwitshana, Veron Ramsuran, Terisha Ghazi, Khethiwe N. Bhengu, Anil A. Chuturgoon
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2021
Předmět:
BCG
bacillus Calmette–Guérin
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
RANTES
regulated upon activation
normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted
medicine.medical_treatment
AT1/AT2
alveolar type 1/2
Environmental pollution
SARS-CoV-2/ COVID-19
Immunomodulatory activity of helminths
010501 environmental sciences
Cytokine storm
01 natural sciences
PDGF
platelet-derived growth factor
sVCAM-1
soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
CCL
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand
GE1-350
TMPRSS2
transmembrane protease serine 2
IgE
immunoglobulin E
General Environmental Science
COVID-19
coronavirus disease 2019
Th1/Th17
T helper cell 1/17
TNF-α
tumour necrosis factor alpha
Coinfection
Immunosuppression
VEGF
vascular endothelial growth factor
AREG
amphiregulin
Vaccination
SO2
sulphur dioxide
Cytokine
MCP
monocyte chemotactic protein
CO
carbon monoxide
Tregs
regulatory T cells
medicine.symptom
GM-CSF
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
MIP
macrophage inflammatory protein
NO2
nitrogen dioxide
IgG
immunoglobulin G
Inflammation
O3
ozone
Biology
ACE2
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
PM
particulate matter
SARS-CoV-2
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Article
Immune system
Helminths
TGF-β
transforming growth factor beta
medicine
Animals
Humans
sICAM-1
soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1
TSLP
thymic stromal lymphopoietin
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
CXCL
chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand
EGF
epidermal growth factor
IFN-γ
interferon gamma
ADCC
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
SDF1
stromal cell-derived factor 1
medicine.disease
G-CSF
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Th1/Th17-induced pro-inflammatory immune response
IL
interleukin
Environmental sciences
Helminth-induced Th2/Th3 anti-inflammatory immune response
Immunology
sCD40L
soluble CD40 ligand
Zdroj: Environment International
Environment International, Vol 156, Iss, Pp 106695-(2021)
ISSN: 1873-6750
0160-4120
Popis: Soil-transmitted helminths infect billions of people globally, particularly those residing in low- and middle-income regions with poor environmental sanitation and high levels of air and water pollution. Helminths display potent immunomodulatory activity by activating T helper type 2 (Th2) anti-inflammatory and Th3 regulatory immune responses. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can exacerbate Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokine production in humans, leading to a cytokine storm. Air pollutants (particulate matter, oxygen radicals, hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds) and water pollutants (metals and organic chemicals) can also intensify Th1/Th17 immune response and could exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 related respiratory distress and failure. The present review focused on the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, helminths and fine particulate matter 2.5 µm or less in diameter (PM2.5) air pollution exposure in helminth endemic regions, the possible immunomodulatory activity of helminths against SARS-CoV-2 hyper-inflammatory immune response, and whether air and water pollutants can further exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 related cytokine storm and in the process hinder helminths immunomodulatory functionality. Helminth Th2/Th3 immune response is associated with reductions in lung inflammation and damage, and decreased expression levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors (SARS-CoV-2 uses the ACE2 receptors to infect cells and associated with extensive lung damage). However, air pollutants are associated with overexpression of ACE2 receptors in the epithelial cell surface of the respiratory tract and exhaustion of Th2 immune response. Helminth-induced immunosuppression activity reduces vaccination efficacy, and diminishes vital Th1 cytokine production immune responses that are crucial for combating early stage infections. This could be reversed by continuous air pollution exposure which is known to intensify Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokine production to a point where the immunosuppressive activities of helminths could be hindered. Again, suppressed activities of helminths can also be disadvantageous against SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory response. This “yin and yang” approach seems complex and requires more understanding. Further studies are warranted in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals residing in helminths and air pollution endemic regions to offer more insights, and to impact mass periodic deworming programmes and environmental health policies.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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