In-car particulate matter exposure across ten global cities

Autor: Adamson S Muula, S.M. Shiva Nagendra, Prashant Kumar, Mukesh Khare, Ming-rui Meng, Farah Jeba, Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi, Shariful Islam, Abdus Salam, Lidia Morawska, Simon Mamuya, Maria de Fátima Andrade, Yris Olaya, Philip Osano, Sarkawt Hama, Ahmed S. El-Gendy, Veronika S. Brand, Jenny Carolina Martínez, Shi-Jie Cao, Khalid M. Omer, Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira, Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz, Rana Alaa Abbass, Araya Asfaw
Rok vydání: 2020
Předmět:
Zdroj: The Science of the total environment. 750
ISSN: 1879-1026
Popis: Cars are a commuting lifeline worldwide, despite contributing significantly to air pollution. This is the first global assessment on air pollution exposure in cars across ten cities: Dhaka (Bangladesh); Chennai (India); Guangzhou (China); Medellín (Colombia); São Paulo (Brazil); Cairo (Egypt); Sulaymaniyah (Iraq); Addis Ababa (Ethiopia); Blantyre (Malawi); and Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania). Portable laser particle counters were used to develop a proxy of car-user exposure profiles and analyse the factors affecting particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5; fine fraction) and ≤10 μm (PM2.5–10; coarse fraction). Measurements were carried out during morning, off- and evening-peak hours under windows-open and windows-closed (fan-on and recirculation) conditions on predefined routes. For all cities, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were highest during windows-open, followed by fan-on and recirculation. Compared with recirculation, PM2.5 and PM10 were higher by up to 589% (Blantyre) and 1020% (São Paulo), during windows-open and higher by up to 385% (São Paulo) and 390% (São Paulo) during fan-on, respectively. Coarse particles dominated the PM fraction during windows-open while fine particles dominated during fan-on and recirculation, indicating filter effectiveness in removing coarse particles and a need for filters that limit the ingress of fine particles. Spatial variation analysis during windows-open showed that pollution hotspots make up to a third of the total route-length. PM2.5 exposure for windows-open during off-peak hours was 91% and 40% less than morning and evening peak hours, respectively. Across cities, determinants of relatively high personal exposure doses included lower car speeds, temporally longer journeys, and higher in-car concentrations. It was also concluded that car-users in the least affluent cities experienced disproportionately higher in-car PM2.5 exposures. Cities were classified into three groups according to low, intermediate and high levels of PM exposure to car commuters, allowing to draw similarities and highlight best practices.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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