When the human brain goes diving: using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure cerebral and systemic cardiovascular responses to deep, breath-hold diving in elite freedivers
| Autor: | Naser Hakimi, Jörn M. Horschig, Jana M. Kainerstorfer, Eric Mulder, Jingyi Wu, Frank Pernett, Steve Balfour, Katsufumi Sato, Peter L. Tyack, Erika Schagatay, J. Chris McKnight, Gordon D. Hastie, Alexander Ruesch, Mathijs Bronkhorst |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Male
030110 physiology 0301 basic medicine medicine.medical_specialty Diving Hemodynamics General Biochemistry Genetics and Molecular Biology Breath Holding Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena 03 medical and health sciences Oxygen Consumption Deep breath Heart Rate Internal medicine Heart rate medicine Humans skin and connective tissue diseases Spectroscopy Near-Infrared business.industry Brain Articles Human brain Oxygenation Venous blood Vascular compliance 030104 developmental biology medicine.anatomical_structure Athletes Cardiology Physiological monitoring sense organs General Agricultural and Biological Sciences business |
| Zdroj: | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
| ISSN: | 1471-2970 0962-8436 |
| DOI: | 10.1098/rstb.2020.0349 |
| Popis: | Continuous measurements of haemodynamic and oxygenation changes in free living animals remain elusive. However, developments in biomedical technologies may help to fill this knowledge gap. One such technology is continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CW-NIRS)—a wearable and non-invasive optical technology. Here, we develop a marinized CW-NIRS system and deploy it on elite competition freedivers to test its capacity to function during deep freediving to 107 m depth. We use the oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin concentration changes measured with CW-NIRS to monitor cerebral haemodynamic changes and oxygenation, arterial saturation and heart rate. Furthermore, using concentration changes in oxyhaemoglobin engendered by cardiac pulsation, we demonstrate the ability to conduct additional feature exploration of cardiac-dependent haemodynamic changes. Freedivers showed cerebral haemodynamic changes characteristic of apnoeic diving, while some divers also showed considerable elevations in venous blood volumes close to the end of diving. Some freedivers also showed pronounced arterial deoxygenation, the most extreme of which resulted in an arterial saturation of 25%. Freedivers also displayed heart rate changes that were comparable to diving mammals both in magnitude and patterns of change. Finally, changes in cardiac waveform associated with heart rates less than 40 bpm were associated with changes indicative of a reduction in vascular compliance. The success here of CW-NIRS to non-invasively measure a suite of physiological phenomenon in a deep-diving mammal highlights its efficacy as a future physiological monitoring tool for human freedivers as well as free living animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part II)’. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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