Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies
Autor: | Wang Yingping, Hao Zhang, Ramya Mathiyalagan, Mia Kim, Yue Huo, Deok-Chun Yang, Dong Uk Yang, Jong Pyo Kang, Se Chan Kang, Xiang Min Piao |
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Rok vydání: | 2020 |
Předmět: |
Glycosylation
Ginsenosides chemical Bioconversion Panax Pharmaceutical Science ginsenoside Review 01 natural sciences Analytical Chemistry lcsh:QD241-441 03 medical and health sciences Ginseng chemistry.chemical_compound Hydrolysis lcsh:Organic chemistry Biotransformation glycosyltransferases Drug Discovery processed ginseng Food science Physical and Theoretical Chemistry physical 030304 developmental biology 0303 health sciences 010405 organic chemistry Organic Chemistry dehydration 0104 chemical sciences Bioavailability chemistry Chemistry (miscellaneous) Ginsenoside Molecular Medicine Fermentation biotransformation |
Zdroj: | Molecules Molecules, Vol 25, Iss 4390, p 4390 (2020) |
ISSN: | 1420-3049 |
Popis: | Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual’s gastrointestinal bioconversion abilities. There is a need to improve ginseng processing to predictably increase the pharmacologically active of ginsenosides. Various types of ginseng, such as fresh, white, steamed, acid-processed, and fermented ginsengs, are available. The various ginseng processing methods produce a range ginsenoside compositions with diverse pharmacological properties. This review is intended to summarize the properties of the ginsenosides found in different Panax species as well as the different processing methods. The sugar moiety attached to the C–3, C–6, or C–20 deglycosylated to produce minor ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd→Rg3, F2, Rh2; Re, Rf→Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1. The malonyl-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd were demalonylated into ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd by dehydration. Dehydration also produces minor ginsenosides such as Rg3→Rk1, Rg5, Rz1; Rh2→Rk2, Rh3; Rh1→Rh4, Rk3; Rg2→Rg6, F4; Rs3→Rs4, Rs5; Rf→Rg9, Rg10. Acetylation of several ginsenosides may generate acetylated ginsenosides Rg5, Rk1, Rh4, Rk3, Rs4, Rs5, Rs6, and Rs7. Acid processing methods produces Rh1→Rk3, Rh4; Rh2→Rk1, Rg5; Rg3→Rk2, Rh3; Re, Rf, Rg2→F1, Rh1, Rf2, Rf3, Rg6, F4, Rg9. Alkaline produces Rh16, Rh3, Rh1, F4, Rk1, ginsenoslaloside-I, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh1-60-acetate, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh19, zingibroside-R1 through hydrolysis, hydration addition reactions, and dehydration. Moreover, biological processing of ginseng generates the minor ginsenosides of Rg3, F2, Rh2, CK, Rh1, Mc, compound O, compound Y through hydrolysis reactions, and synthetic ginsenosides Rd12 and Ia are produced through glycosylation. This review with respect to the properties of particular ginsenosides could serve to increase the utilization of ginseng in agricultural products, food, dietary supplements, health supplements, and medicines, and may also spur future development of novel highly functional ginseng products through a combination of various processing methods. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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