The use of non-standard motorcycle helmets in low- and middle-income countries: a multicentre study
| Autor: | Nitaya Vajanapoom, Wilson W. Odero, Margie Peden, Hidalgo-Solórzano Elisa, Cristina Inclán-Valadez, Adesola O Sangowawa, Nguyen Thi Van Anh, Robyn Norton, Williams Ackaah, Radin Umar Rs, A R Hejar, Francis K. Afukaar, Nuntavarn Vichit-Vadakan, Krishnan Rajam, Pham Le Tuan, Kaviyarasu Yellappan, Adnan A. Hyder, James Yu, Híjar Martha, Eme T. Owoaje, Trinh Thuy Anh, Jawaid Shah, Williams Agyemang, Marc Van der Putten, S. Kulanthayan, Ghaffar Abdul, Gopalkrishna Gururaj, Junaid Abdul Razzak |
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| Rok vydání: | 2012 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male Engineering Asia Developing country Poison control Legislation Suicide prevention Occupational safety and health Environmental health Injury prevention Forensic engineering Humans Enforcement Mexico Poverty business.industry Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Human factors and ergonomics Middle Aged Africa Western Cross-Sectional Studies Motorcycles Female Head Protective Devices business |
| Zdroj: | Injury Prevention. 19:158-163 |
| ISSN: | 1475-5785 1353-8047 |
| DOI: | 10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040348 |
| Popis: | Background The use of non-standard motorcycle helmets has the potential to undermine multinational efforts aimed at reducing the burden of road traffic injuries associated with motorcycle crashes. However, little is known about the prevalence or factors associated with their use. Methods Collaborating institutions in nine low- and middle-income countries undertook cross-sectional surveys, markets surveys, and reviewed legislation and enforcement practices around non-standard helmets. Findings 5563 helmet-wearing motorcyclists were observed; 54% of the helmets did not appear to have a marker/sticker indicating that the helmet met required standards and interviewers judged that 49% of the helmets were likely to be non-standard helmets. 5088 (91%) of the motorcyclists agreed to be interviewed; those who had spent less than US$10 on their helmet were found to be at the greatest risk of wearing a non-standard helmet. Data were collected across 126 different retail outlets; across all countries, regardless of outlet type, standard helmets were generally 2–3 times more expensive than non-standard helmets. While seven of the nine countries had legislation prohibiting the use of non-standard helmets, only four had legislation prohibiting their manufacture or sale and only three had legislation prohibiting their import. Enforcement of any legislation appeared to be minimal. Interpretation Our findings suggest that the widespread use of non-standard helmets in low- and middle-income countries may limit the potential gains of helmet use programmes. Strategies aimed at reducing the costs of standard helmets, combined with both legislation and enforcement, will be required to maximise the effects of existing campaigns. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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