Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application
| Autor: | Heriyanto, Leenawaty Limantara, Tatas H. P. Brotosudarmo, Edi Setiyono |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
chemistry.chemical_classification
0303 health sciences Reactive oxygen species Antioxidant Autoxidation Nutrition. Foods and food supply Singlet oxygen medicine.medical_treatment Radical Biological activity Review Article TP368-456 Food processing and manufacture 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound 0302 clinical medicine chemistry Biochemistry Astaxanthin medicine TX341-641 Carotenoid 030217 neurology & neurosurgery 030304 developmental biology Food Science |
| Zdroj: | International Journal of Food Science International Journal of Food Science, Vol 2020 (2020) |
| ISSN: | 2314-5765 |
| Popis: | Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated as a by-product of normal aerobic metabolism. Elevated ROS formation leads to potential damage of biological structures and is implicated in various diseases. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite responsible for the red-orange color of a number of marine animals and microorganisms. There is mounting evidence that astaxanthin has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Hence, its consumption can result in various health benefits, with potential for therapeutic application. Astaxanthin contains both a hydroxyl and a keto group, and this unique structure plays important roles in neutralizing ROS. The molecule quenches harmful singlet oxygen, scavenges peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and converts them into more stable compounds, prevents the formation of free radicals, and inhibits the autoxidation chain reaction. It also acts as a metal chelator and converts metal prooxidants into harmless molecules. However, like many other carotenoids, astaxanthin is affected by the environmental conditions, e.g., pH, heat, or exposure to light. It is hence susceptible to structural modification, i.e., via isomerization, aggregation, or esterification, which alters its physiochemical properties. Here, we provide a concise overview of the distribution of astaxanthin in tissues, and astaxanthin structures, and their role in tackling singlet oxygen and free radicals. We highlight the effect of structural modification of astaxanthin molecules on the bioavailability and biological activity. These studies suggested that astaxanthin would be a promising dietary supplement for health applications. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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