Presence and select determinants of organophosphate flame retardants in public swimming pools
| Autor: | Heather M. Coleman, Stuart J. Khan, Tiffany L.L. Teo |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
010501 environmental sciences Risk Assessment 01 natural sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Swimming Pools Chemical contaminants Humans Environmental Chemistry Health risk Waste Management and Disposal Flame Retardants 0105 earth and related environmental sciences 010401 analytical chemistry Organophosphate Phosphate Pollution Organophosphates 0104 chemical sciences chemistry Human exposure Environmental chemistry New South Wales human activities Water Pollutants Chemical Triphenyl phosphate |
| Zdroj: | Science of The Total Environment. :469-475 |
| ISSN: | 0048-9697 |
| Popis: | The occurrence of five organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) consisting of tributyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1.3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in swimming pools were investigated. Fifteen chlorinated public swimming pools were sampled, including indoor pools, outdoor pools and spa pools. The analyses were carried out using isotope dilution gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All five PFRs were detected in swimming pool waters with concentrations ranging from 5-27ng/L (TNBP), 7-293ng/L (TCEP), 62-1180ng/L (TCIPP), 10-670ng/L (TDCIPP) and 8-132ng/L (TPHP). The concentrations of PFRs were generally higher in indoor swimming pools compared to outdoor swimming pools. In municipal water supplies, used to fill the swimming pools in three of the sampling locations, the five PFRs were all below the limit of quantifications, eliminating this as the source. Potential leaching of PFRs from commonly used swimming equipment, including newly purchased kickboards and swimsuits was investigated. These experiments revealed that PFRs leached from swimsuits, and may be a source of PFRs in swimming pools. A quantitative risk assessment revealed that the health risk to PFRs via swimming pools was generally low and below commonly applied health risk benchmarks. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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