Pesticides residues and metabolites in honeybees: A Greek overview exploring Varroa and Nosema potential synergies
| Autor: | Effrosyni Zafeiraki, Pelagia Anastasiadou, Panagiotis Milonas, Konstantinos M. Kasiotis, Spyridon Antonatos, Eleftheria Kapaxidi, Elektra Manea-Karga, Kyriaki Machera |
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| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences Varroidae 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Toxicology chemistry.chemical_compound Nosema Environmental Chemistry Animals Pesticides Waste Management and Disposal 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Amitraz Fenthion Pesticide residue biology Greece Pesticide Residues Coumaphos Clothianidin Pesticide Bees biology.organism_classification Pollution chemistry Chlorpyrifos Varroa |
| Zdroj: | The Science of the total environment. 769 |
| ISSN: | 1879-1026 |
| Popis: | The aim of this study was to investigate reported cases of honeybee mortality incidents and the potential association to pesticide exposure and to their metabolites. The same honeybee samples were also assessed for Varroa mites, and Nosema microsporidia provoked infections to provide an integrated picture of all observable stressors that may impact bees' survival. Thus, honeybee samples from different areas of Greece (2014–2018) were analyzed for the presence of pesticide residues and metabolites. In this context, an existing LC-ESI-QqQ-MS multiresidue method of analytes of different chemical classes such as neonicotinoids, organophosphates, triazoles, carbamates, was enriched with additional active substances, developed and validated. A complementary GC-EI-QqQ-MS method was also exploited for the same scope covering pyrethroid compounds. Both methods monitored more than 150 active substances and metabolites and presented acceptable linearity over the ranges assayed. The calculated recoveries ranged from 65 to 120% for the three concentration levels, while the precision (RSD%) values ranged between 4 and 15%. Therefore, this approach proved sufficient to act as a monitoring tool for the determination of pesticide residues in cases of suspected honeybee poisoning incidents. From the analysis of 320 samples, the presence of 70 active substances and metabolites was confirmed with concentrations varying from 1.4 ng/g to 166 μg/g. Predominant detections were the acaricide coumaphos, several neonicotinoids exemplified by clothianidin, organophosporous compounds dimethoate and chlorpyrifos, and some pyrethroids. Metabolites of imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, acetamiprid, fenthion and amitraz were also identified. Concerning Nosema and Varroa they were identified in 27 and 22% of samples examined, respectively, verifying their prevalence and coexistence with pesticides and their metabolites in honeybees. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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