Treatment of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal
| Autor: | Jim E. Winegardner, Kyle Schmidt, Megan Cadiz, Jenna M. Holzhausen, Allycia Natavio, Mitesh R. Doshi |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
medicine.medical_specialty
Pediatrics Critical Care medicine.drug_class law.invention Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium 03 medical and health sciences Benzodiazepines 0302 clinical medicine Pharmacotherapy Randomized controlled trial law Intensive care medicine Humans Pharmacology (medical) 030212 general & internal medicine Intensive care medicine Propofol Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Retrospective Studies Delirium tremens Benzodiazepine business.industry Alcohol dependence 030208 emergency & critical care medicine Retrospective cohort study medicine.disease Respiration Artificial Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Alcoholism Phenobarbital Drug Therapy Combination business Dexmedetomidine |
| Zdroj: | The Annals of pharmacotherapy. 50(5) |
| ISSN: | 1542-6270 |
| Popis: | Objective: Approximately 50% of patients with alcohol dependence experience alcohol withdrawal. Severe alcohol withdrawal is characterized by seizures and/or delirium tremens, often refractory to standard doses of benzodiazepines, and requires aggressive treatment. This review aims to summarize the literature pertaining to the pharmacotherapy of severe alcohol withdrawal. Data Sources: PubMed (January 1960 to October 2015) was searched using the search terms alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, intensive care, and refractory. Supplemental references were generated through review of identified literature citations. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Available English language articles assessing pharmacotherapy options for adult patients with severe alcohol withdrawal were included. Data Synthesis: A PubMed search yielded 739 articles for evaluation, of which 27 were included. The number of randomized controlled trials was limited, so many of these are retrospective analyses and case reports. Benzodiazepines remain the treatment of choice, with diazepam having the most favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Protocolized escalation of benzodiazepines as an alternative to a symptom-triggered approach may decrease the need for mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Propofol is appropriate for patients refractory to benzodiazepines; however, the roles of phenobarbital, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine remain unclear. Conclusions: Severe alcohol withdrawal is not clearly defined, and limited data regarding management are available. Protocolized administration of benzodiazepines, in combination with phenobarbital, may reduce the need for mechanical ventilation and lead to shorter ICU stays. Propofol is a viable alternative for patients refractory to benzodiazepines; however, the role of other agents remains unclear. Randomized, prospective studies are needed to clearly define effective treatment strategies. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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