The Health Risk of Cd Released from Low-Cost Jewelry
| Autor: | Magdalena Zvolská, Lenka Audrlická Vavrušová, Oldřich Jarolím, Miloslav Pouzar |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
cadmium
laser-induced breakdown spectrometry Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Biological Availability chemistry.chemical_element low-cost jewelry 010501 environmental sciences Risk Assessment 01 natural sciences Dermal exposure Article SWEAT 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Humans media_common.cataloged_instance European union Health risk Czech Republic 0105 earth and related environmental sciences media_common Cadmium health risk artificial sweat Chromatography integumentary system Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Spectrometry X-Ray Emission United States Bioavailability chemistry Jewelry Environmental Pollutants Composition (visual arts) Fluorescence spectrometer Environmental Monitoring |
| Zdroj: | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health; Volume 14; Issue 5; Pages: 520 |
| ISSN: | 1660-4601 |
| Popis: | The composition of the surface layer of 13 low-cost jewelry samples with a high Cd content was analyzed using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED XRF). The analyzed jewels were obtained in cooperation with the Czech Environmental Inspectorate. The jewels were leached in two types of artificial sweat (acidic and alkaline) for 7 days. Twenty microliters of the resulting solution was subsequently placed on a paper carrier and analyzed by an LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectrometry) spectrometer after drying. The Cd content in the jewelry surface layer detected by using ED XRF ranged from 13.4% to 44.6% (weight per weight—w/w). The samples were subsequently leached in artificial alkaline, and the acidic sweat and leachates were analyzed using laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS). The amount of released Cd into alkaline sweat ranged from 24.0 to 370 µg Cd per week, respectively 3.23–61.7 µg/cm2/week. The amount of released Cd into acidic sweat ranged from 16.4 to 1517 µg Cd per week, respectively 3.53–253 µg/cm2/week. The limit of Cd for dermal exposure is not unequivocally determined in the countries of the EU (European Union) or in the U.S. Based on the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) approach used to establish the reference dose (RfD) for Cd contained in food and information about the bioavailability of Cd after dermal exposure, we assessed our own value of dermal RfD. The value was compared with the theoretical amount of Cd, which can be absorbed into the organism from jewelry in contact with the skin. The calculation was based on the amount of Cd that was released into acidic and alkaline sweat. The highest amount of Cd was released into acidic sweat, which represents 0.1% of dermal RfD and into alkaline sweat, 0.5% of dermal RfD. These results indicate that the analyzed jewelry contains Cd over the limit for composition of jewelry available within the territory of the EU. The determined amount of Cd in analyzed jewelry does not, however, pose a threat in terms of non-carcinogenic toxic effects. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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