The Influence of Printing Parameters and Cell Density on Bioink Printing Outcomes
| Autor: | Antonios G. Mikos, Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi, Meryem Uzun-Per, Sang Jin Lee, James J. Yoo, Anthony Atala, John P. Fisher, Gregory J. Gillispie, Albert Han |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Limiting factor
0303 health sciences Materials science business.industry 0206 medical engineering Biomedical Engineering Bioprinting Bioengineering Cell Count 02 engineering and technology 020601 biomedical engineering Biochemistry Article Biomaterials 03 medical and health sciences Cell density Printing Three-Dimensional Process engineering business Rheology Selection (genetic algorithm) 030304 developmental biology |
| Zdroj: | Tissue Eng Part A |
| Popis: | Bioink printability persists as a limiting factor towards many bioprinting applications. Printing parameter selection is largely user-dependent, and the effect of cell density on printability has not been thoroughly investigated. Recently, methods have been developed to give greater insight into printing outcomes. This study aims to further advance those methods and apply them to study the effect of printing parameters (feedrate and flowrate) and cell density on printability. Two printed structures, a crosshatch and 5-layer tube, were established as printing standards and utilized to determine the printing outcomes. Acellular bioinks were printed using a testing matrix of feedrates of 37.5, 75, 150, 300, and 600 mm/min and flowrates of 21, 42, 84, 168, and 336 mm(3)/min. Structures were also printed with cell densities of 5, 10, 20, and 40 × 10(6) cell/mL at 150 mm/min and 84 mm(3)/min. Only speed ratios (defined as flowrate divided by feedrate) from 0.07 to 2.24 mm(2) were suitable for analysis. Increasing speed ratio dramatically increased the height, width, and wall thickness of tubular structures, but did not influence radial accuracy. For crosshatch structures, the area of pores and the frequency of broken filaments were decreased without impacting pore shape (Pr). Within speed ratios, feedrate and flowrate had negligible, inconsistent effects. Cell density did not affect any printing outcomes despite slight rheological changes. Printing outcomes were dominated by the speed ratio, with feedrate, flowrate, and cell density having little impact on printing outcomes when controlling for speed ratio within the ranges tested. The relevance of these results to other bioinks and printing conditions requires continued investigation by the bioprinting community, as well as highlight speed ratio as a key variable to report and suggest that rheology is a more sensitive measure than printing outcomes. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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