Control of cystic echinococcosis in the Middle Atlas, Morocco: Field evaluation of the EG95 vaccine in sheep and cesticide treatment in dogs
| Autor: | Mohamed Oukessou, Abderrahim Sadak, Marshall W. Lightowlers, Fatimaezzahra Amarir, Mohammed Bouslikhane, Nathalie Kirschvink, Charles G. Gauci, Tanguy Marcotty, Aouatif Saadi, Marianne Raes, Abdelkbir Rhalem |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Veterinary medicine Epidemiology RC955-962 Praziquantel Geographical Locations 0302 clinical medicine Medical Conditions Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Medicine Public and Occupational Health Dog Diseases Echinococcus granulosus Mammals education.field_of_study Vaccines biology Incidence (epidemiology) Vaccination Eukaryota Ruminants Helminth Proteins 030108 mycology & parasitology Echinococcosis Vaccination and Immunization Human morbidity Morocco Infectious Diseases Helminth Infections Vertebrates Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 medicine.drug Research Article Neglected Tropical Diseases Infectious Disease Control 030231 tropical medicine Population Immunology Sheep Diseases 03 medical and health sciences Dogs parasitic diseases Vaccine Development Parasitic Diseases Animals Cystic Echinococcosis education Feces Sheep business.industry Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Organisms Biology and Life Sciences biology.organism_classification medicine.disease Tropical Diseases Medical Risk Factors Antigens Helminth Amniotes People and Places Africa Preventive Medicine business Zoology |
| Zdroj: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 15, Iss 3, p e0009253 (2021) Amarir, F, Rhalem, A, Sadak, A, Raes, M, Oukessou, M, Saadi, A, Bouslikhane, M, Gauci, C G, Lightowlers, M W, Kirschvink, N & Marcotty, T 2021, ' Control of cystic echinococcosis in the middle atlas, morocco : Field evaluation of the eg95 vaccine in sheep and cesticide treatment in dogs ', PLoS neglected tropical diseases, vol. 15, no. 3, e0009253 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009253 |
| ISSN: | 1935-2735 1935-2727 |
| Popis: | Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in Morocco and other North African countries. Methodology/Principal findings We investigated the potential of three strategies to reduce Echinococcus granulosus transmission: (1) 4-monthly treatment of dogs with praziquantel, (2) vaccination of sheep with the EG95 vaccine and (3) a combination of both measures. These measures were implemented during four consecutive years in different areas of the Middle Atlas Mountains in Morocco. The outcome of the interventions was assessed through hydatid cyst (viable and non-viable) counts in liver and lungs using necropsy or in vivo ultrasound examination of the liver. A total of 402 lambs were recruited for annual vaccination with the EG95 anti-E. granulosus vaccine and 395 similar lambs were selected as non-vaccinated controls. At approximately four years of age the relative risk (estimated as odds ratio) for vaccinated sheep to have viable hydatid cysts compared with non-vaccinated controls was 3% (9.37% of the vaccinated sheep were found infected while 72.82% of the controls were infected; p = 0.002). The number of viable cysts in vaccinated animals was reduced by approximately 97% (mean counts were 0.28 and 9.18 respectively; p Author summary Cystic echinococcosis remains a major public health problem in Morocco. It is a major zoonosis affecting humans and animals caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. The dog (final host), plays an essential role in the dissemination of eggs in the environment via its feces. The rural and poorest regions in the Middle Atlas that practice extensive sheep farming (intermediate host) are severely affected. Women and children are particularly affected by this zoonosis. Despite previous efforts done by the Moroccan authorities to reduce the incidence of infestation, these measures have been insufficient to control the disease. Through our study protocols in natural field conditions, we have shown that vaccination of the intermediate host is an effective control option in the Moroccan context, with an immune protection rate of 97%. Regular chemotherapy (4 months intervals) of owned dogs only proved to have little efficiency on incidence in sheep. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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