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Sex differences in chronic pain are well established with documented predominance in women. This study assessed relationships between age at menarche and chronic pain, site-specific chronic pain, pain characteristics, and chronic widespread pain (CWP). We used data from the Tromsø Study conducted in 2007 to 2008 and 2015 to 2016 (Tromsø 6 and Tromsø 7 waves) including participants aged 30 to 99 years. The associations between age at menarche and chronic pain were examined in Tromsø 6 (n 5 6449), Tromsø 7 (n 5 5681), and the combination of Tromsø 6 and Tromsø 7 (n 5 12,130). Tromsø 7 data were used further to examine the associations between age at menarche and site-specific chronic pain, 4 pain characteristics (pain duration, pain intensity, episode duration, and episode frequency), and CWP. All analyses were adjusted for body mass index, age, and economic status of the household in childhood. Lower age at menarche was associated with an increased risk of chronic pain in all 3 samples (risk ratio for each year delay in menarche 0.98, 95% CI [0.97 to 0.99] across samples). Risk differences were 20.014, CI 95% (20.02 to 20.005) in Tromsø 6, 20.011, CI 95% (20.02 to 20.02) in Tromsø 7, and 20.012, CI 95% (20.02 to 20.01) in the combined sample. Age at menarche was significantly associated with chronic pain in the neck, abdomen, and both arms, and CWP. Of the 4 pain characteristics, pain duration was statistically significant. We conclude that early menarche is an independent risk factor for pain across a broad spectrum of pain outcomes. Keywords: chronic pain, sex differences in pain, site-specific chronic pain, pain characteristics, chronic widespread pain, early menarche, exposure to estrogen The association between age at menarche and chronic pain outcomes in women: the Tromsø Study, 2007 to 2016 |
