Assessment of the combined effects of chromium and benzene on the rat neuroendocrine and immune systems
| Autor: | Alexander Karaulov, Christina Tsitsimpikou, Alexander Ivanovich Smolyagin, Zacharenia Vlata, Antonio F. Hernández, Stadnikov Aa, Natalia Aleksandrovna Kuzmicheva, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Irina Valeryevna Mikhailova, Yulia Vladimirovna Filippova, Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic, Evgenia Vyacheslavovna Ermolina, Thomas Hartung |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Immune system toxicity
Chromium Pituitary gland medicine.medical_specialty Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System Pituitary-Adrenal System Spleen 010501 environmental sciences Neuroendocrine system 01 natural sciences Biochemistry 03 medical and health sciences Internal medicine medicine Splenocyte Animals Rats Wistar Chemical mixtures Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Lymphoid organs 030304 developmental biology 0105 earth and related environmental sciences General Environmental Science 0303 health sciences Chemistry Benzene Rats medicine.anatomical_structure Lymphatic system Endocrinology Hypothalamus Median eminence Immune System Lymph Bone marrow |
| Zdroj: | Environmental Research |
| ISSN: | 1096-0953 |
| Popis: | This study assessed the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, and bone marrow) of Wistar rats treated with a mixture of chromium and benzene. Animals were assessed at three time-points (45, 90 and 135 days) following oral mixture exposure. The hypothalamus-pituitary system was examined in light and electron microscopy. Lymphoid organs underwent a morphological assessment and the immunophenotype of splenocytes was characterized immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies. Splenocytes cytokine production of was determined by ELISA after Con-A stimulation. Combined exposure to chromium and benzene in average doses of 20 mg Cr (VI)/kg body weight/day and 0.6 ml benzene/kg body weight/day impaired the responsiveness of the central compartment of the HPA axis, as evidenced by functional activation of the secretory activity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which was not followed by a sufficient extrusion of nonapeptides at the neurohypophysis and hypothalamic median eminence. Chromium and benzene exposure reduced the thymus mass, thymocytes count, and caused a number of structural and functional changes indicative of transient thymus involution. In the spleen, exposure to both chemicals resulted in lymphoreticular hyperplasia and plasma cell-macrophage transformation (also observed in lymph nodes). Apoptosis of thymocytes and lymphocytes was also observed in T-zones of the spleen. Notably, the effects were similar to those observed earlier for the single agents, under the same experimental conditions, without evidence of additivity. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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