A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: inorganic compounds
| Autor: | Michael J. Oldham, Erica J. Sena, Christopher R. E. Coggins |
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| Rok vydání: | 2011 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Salmonella typhimurium Cell Survival Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Smoke inhalation Context (language use) Toxicology Phosphates Xenobiotics Excipients Rats Sprague-Dawley chemistry.chemical_compound Ammonia Smoke Administration Inhalation Tobacco Toxicity Tests Hydroxides medicine Animals Sidestream smoke Cells Cultured Chemistry Smoking medicine.disease Rats Flavoring Agents Ammonium hydroxide Inorganic Chemicals Diammonium phosphate Ammonium Hydroxide Female Fire retardant |
| Zdroj: | Inhalation Toxicology. 23:157-171 |
| ISSN: | 1091-7691 0895-8378 |
| DOI: | 10.3109/08958378.2010.547229 |
| Popis: | Two ammonia compounds, diammonium phosphate and ammonium hydroxide, are typically used in the processing or flavoring of tobacco used in the manufacture of cigarettes.A battery of tests was used to compare the toxicity of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes containing different added levels of diammonium phosphate (target maximal inclusion level, 50,000 ppm) or both ammonium hydroxide (target maximal inclusion level 11,160 ppm) and diammonium phosphate.The tests included analytical chemistry, with over 40 constituents in mainstream cigarette smoke; in vitro bacterial (Salmonella) mutagenicity and cytotoxicity (neutral red uptake) assays, and 90-day smoke inhalation studies using rats. Diammonium phosphate acted as a burn retardant, and consequently, the highest planned inclusion level could not be used. Ammonium hydroxide could not be added to cigarettes at meaningfully different levels.Apart from a substantial reduction in smoke concentrations of formaldehyde seen in the smoke chemistry analysis and animal exposure characterization, there were very few endpoints in any of the analyses that showed significant differences as a result of the addition of either of the two ammonia compounds. These differences, when present, occurred only sporadically, with no evidence of any dose-response relationships.The results of these experiments show that the ammonia compounds, diammonium phosphate and ammonium hydroxide, when added to cigarette tobacco, even at high inclusion levels, have minimal toxicological sequelae. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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