Candida glabrata Antifungal Resistance and Virulence Factors, a Perfect Pathogenic Combination
| Autor: | Patricia Meza-Meneses, Maura Robledo-Cayetano, Tito Ramírez-Lozada, Roberto Arenas, Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira, Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa, María Guadalupe Frías-De-León, Víctor Alfonso Vázquez-Aceituno, Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán, Eunice D. Farfán-García, Erick Martínez-Herrera, Rigoberto Hernández-Castro, Esther Ocharan-Hernandez, Itzel H. García-Coronel, Esther Conde-Cuevas |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Proteases
Candida glabrata biology enzymatic activity virulence factors Pharmaceutical Science Virulence Hemolysin Review Drug resistance antifungal resistance Gene mutation bacterial infections and mycoses biology.organism_classification formation of biofilms Microbiology adherence mechanisms RS1-441 variations in drug resistance Pharmacy and materia medica Antibiotic resistance Immune system |
| Zdroj: | Pharmaceutics, Vol 13, Iss 1529, p 1529 (2021) Pharmaceutics |
| ISSN: | 1999-4923 |
| Popis: | In recent years, a progressive increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) caused by Candida glabrata has been observed. The objective of this literature review was to study the epidemiology, drug resistance, and virulence factors associated with the C. glabrata complex. For this purpose, a systematic review (January 2001–February 2021) was conducted on the PubMed, Scielo, and Cochrane search engines with the following terms: “C. glabrata complex (C. glabrata sensu stricto, C. nivariensis, C. bracarensis)” associated with “pathogenicity” or “epidemiology” or “antibiotics resistance” or “virulence factors” with language restrictions of English and Spanish. One hundred and ninety-nine articles were found during the search. Various mechanisms of drug resistance to azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins were found for the C. glabrata complex, depending on the geographical region. Among the mechanisms found are the overexpression of drug transporters, gene mutations that alter thermotolerance, the generation of hypervirulence due to increased adhesion factors, and modifications in vital enzymes that produce cell wall proteins that prevent the activity of drugs designed for its inhibition. In addition, it was observed that the C. glabrata complex has virulence factors such as the production of proteases, phospholipases, and hemolysins, and the formation of biofilms that allows the complex to evade the host immune response and generate fungal resistance. Because of this, the C. glabrata complex possesses a perfect pathogenetic combination for the invasion of the immunocompromised host. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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