A Toxicological Study on Photo-degradation Products of Environmental Ibuprofen: Ecological and Human Health Implications
| Autor: | Danielle N. Turner, Rodolfo Tello-Aburto, Sabino Maldonado-Torres, Menake E. Piyasena, Praveen L. Patidar, Talysa Ogas, Rubi Gurung, Nishanthi Ellepola, Gayan Rubasinghege, Snezna Rogelj |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Cell Survival
Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis 0211 other engineering and technologies Ibuprofen 02 engineering and technology 010501 environmental sciences Ecotoxicology 01 natural sciences Enterococcus faecalis Article Lactobacillus acidophilus medicine Humans Aliivibrio fischeri Food science SOS Response Genetics Ecosystem 0105 earth and related environmental sciences 021110 strategic defence & security studies Photolysis biology Chemistry Liver cell organic chemicals Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health In vitro toxicology General Medicine Hep G2 Cells biology.organism_classification Pollution Gastrointestinal Microbiome HEK293 Cells Toxicity Ecotoxicity Water Pollutants Chemical medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Ecotoxicol Environ Saf |
| Popis: | Increasing quantities of pharmaceutical waste in the environment have disrupted the balance of ecosystems, and may have subsequent effects on human health. Although a handful of previous studies have shown the impacts of pharmaceutically active compounds on the environment, the toxicological effects of their degradation products remain largely unknown. In the current study, the photo-degradation products of environmental ibuprofen were assessed for both ecotoxicological and human health effects using a series of in vitro assays. Here, six of the major degradation products are synthesized with high purity (>98 %) and characterized with (1)HNMR, (13)CNMR, FT-IR and HRMS. To evaluate human health effects, three gut microbiota species, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli, and two human cell lines, HEK293T and HepG2, are exposed to various concentrations of ibuprofen and its degradation products. On L. acidophilus, the ibuprofen degradation product (±)-(2R,3R)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-5-methylhexan-3-ol shows a greater toxic effect while ibuprofen enhances its growth at lower concentrations. At higher concentrations, ibuprofen shows at least a 2-fold higher toxicity compared to that of its degradation products. However, E. faecalis shows little or no effect upon exposure to these compounds. An induction of the SOS response in E. coli is observed but limited to only ibuprofen and 4-acetylbenzoic acid. In human cell line studies, survival of both HEK293T and HepG2 cell lines is profoundly impaired by the photo-degradation products of (±)- (2R,3R)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-5-methylhexan-3-ol, (±)-(2R,3S)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-5-methylhexan-3-ol, and (±)-1-(4-(1-hydroxy-2methylpropyl)phenyl)ethan-1-one. In this work, the bioluminescence bacterium, Aliivibrio fischeri, is used as a model to assess environmental impact. Both ibuprofen and its degradation products inhibit the growth of this gram-negative bacteria with the primary compound showing the most significant impact. Overall, our results highlight that some of the degradation products of ibuprofen can be more toxic to human kidney cell line and liver cell line than the parent compound while ibuprofen can be more toxic to human gut microbiota and A. fischeri than ibuprofen degradation products. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|