Call Off the Dog(ma): M1/M2 Polarization Is Concurrent following Traumatic Brain Injury
| Autor: | Lara-Kirstie Riparip, Josh M. Morganti, Susanna Rosi |
|---|---|
| Přispěvatelé: | Borlongan, Cesar V |
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Male Critical Care and Emergency Medicine Gene Expression lcsh:Medicine Pathology and Laboratory Medicine White Blood Cells Mice 0302 clinical medicine Injury - Trauma - (Head and Spine) Animal Cells Medicine and Health Sciences 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors Brain Damage Aetiology Spinal Cord Injury lcsh:Science Immune Response Trauma Medicine Multidisciplinary Microglia Phenotypes medicine.anatomical_structure Neurology Cellular Types medicine.symptom Signal transduction Traumatic Injury Research Article Signal Transduction Cell type Traumatic brain injury General Science & Technology Immune Cells Inflammatory Diseases Immunology Macrophage polarization Glial Cells Context (language use) Inflammation Brain damage Vaccine Related 03 medical and health sciences Signs and Symptoms Biodefense Genetics medicine Animals Microglial Cells Blood Cells business.industry Macrophages Prevention Inflammatory and immune system lcsh:R Neurosciences Biology and Life Sciences Cell Biology medicine.disease Brain Disorders 030104 developmental biology Brain Injuries Injury (total) Accidents/Adverse Effects lcsh:Q business Injury - Traumatic brain injury 030217 neurology & neurosurgery |
| Zdroj: | PloS one, vol 11, iss 1 PLoS ONE, Vol 11, Iss 1, p e0148001 (2016) PLoS ONE |
| Popis: | Following the primary mechanical impact, traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces the simultaneous production of a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecular mediators. Given the variety of cell types and their requisite expression of cognate receptors this creates a highly complex inflammatory milieu. Increasingly in neurotrauma research there has been an effort to define injury-induced inflammatory responses within the context of in vitro defined macrophage polarization phenotypes, known as "M1" and "M2". Herein, we expand upon our previous work in a rodent model of TBI to show that the categorization of inflammatory response cannot be so easily delineated using this nomenclature. Specifically, we show that TBI elicited a wide spectrum of concurrent expression responses within both pro- and anti-inflammatory arms. Moreover, we show that the cells principally responsible for the production of these inflammatory mediators, microglia/macrophages, simultaneously express both "M1" and "M2" phenotypic markers. Overall, these data align with recent reports suggesting that microglia/macrophages cannot adequately switch to a polarized "M1-only" or "M2-only" phenotype, but display a mixed phenotype due to the complex signaling events surrounding them. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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