Genital and systemic immune effects of the injectable, contraceptive norethisterone enanthate (NET‐EN), in South African women
| Autor: | Samkelisiwe Ngcobo, Sinaye Ngcapu, Natasha Samsunder, Jo-Ann S. Passmore, John H. Adamson, Lyle R. McKinnon, Mthobisi M Zondi, Lenine J. P. Liebenberg, Alasdair Leslie, Amanda Mabhula, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Nobuhle Nokubonga Mchunu, Katya Govender, Aida Sivro, Refilwe P Molatlhegi |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
0301 basic medicine Adolescent medicine.medical_treatment Immunology Physiology South Africa 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound 0302 clinical medicine Tandem Mass Spectrometry Contraceptive Agents Female Humans Immunology and Allergy Medicine Sex organ 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine business.industry Growth factor Confounding Obstetrics and Gynecology 030104 developmental biology Cytokine Reproductive Medicine chemistry Vagina Cytokines Immunohistochemistry Female Tumor necrosis factor alpha Norethisterone enanthate Norethindrone business Chromatography Liquid Hormone |
| Zdroj: | American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. |
| ISSN: | 1600-0897 1046-7408 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/aji.13411 |
| Popis: | PROBLEM Injectable hormonal contraceptives (IHC) have been associated with altered mucosal and systemic milieu which might increase HIV risk, but most studies have focused on DMPA and not NET-EN, despite the growing popularity and lower HIV risk associated with the latter in observational studies. METHOD OF STUDY We used high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-LC-MS/MS) to measure steroid hormones in plasma samples of CAPRISA004 study participants. Concentrations of 48 cytokines were measured in the cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) and plasma, and their expression was compared between participants with detectable NET-EN (n = 201) versus non-detectable IHC (n = 90). Each log10 cytokine concentration was tested as an outcome in linear-mixed models, with NET-EN detection as the main explanatory variable. Multivariable models were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS In bivariate analysis, detectable NET-EN was associated with reduced cervicovaginal M-CSF (P = 0.008), GM-CSF (P = 0.025) and G-CSF (P = 0.039), and elevated levels MIF (P = 0.008), IL-18 (P = 0.011), RANTES (P = 0.005) and IL-1Rα (P |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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