Oxygen delivery enhancers: past, present, and future
Autor: | Loredana Grasso, Raffaella Antonella Salvo, Alberto Angeli, A. Spaccamiglio, Paolo Borrione, A. Mastrone |
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Rok vydání: | 2008 |
Předmět: |
Endocrinology
Diabetes and Metabolism Pharmacology Biology Models Biological Polyethylene Glycols Hemoglobins Endocrinology Blood doping Drug Delivery Systems Gene doping Blood product medicine Animals Humans Blood Transfusion Hypoxia Erythropoietin Doping in Sports Fluorocarbons Oxygen transport Gene Transfer Techniques Biological Transport Recombinant Proteins Oxygen Substance Abuse Detection Immunology Erythropoiesis Hemoglobin Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Peptides Anaerobic exercise medicine.drug |
Zdroj: | Scopus-Elsevier |
ISSN: | 1720-8386 |
Popis: | In endurance sport the delivery of oxygen to muscles plays a critical role. Indeed, muscle performance declines during prolonged and intense activity as a consequence of the shift from the aerobic to the anaerobic metabolism with an increase of lactate. To enhance the aerobic capacity 2 alternatives may be used: increasing either the transport or the delivery of oxygen. In this setting, blood doping is the practice of illicitly using a drug or blood product to improve athletic performance. Based on this definition, blood doping techniques may include: 1) blood transfusion (autologous or omologous); 2) erythropoiesis-stimulating substances [recombinant human erythropoietin (alpha, beta, omega), darbepoietin-alpha, continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator, hematide]; 3) blood substitutes (hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, perfluorocarbon emulsions); 4) allosteric modulators of hemoglobin (RSR-13 and RSR-4); 5) gene doping (human erythropoietin gene transfection); 6) gene regulation (hypoxia-inducible transcription factors pathway). In the present overview we will briefly describe the above-mentioned techniques with the aim of underlining potential hematological alternatives to gene doping for increasing aerobic capacity in sport. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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