How do people learn from negative evidence? Non-monotonic generalizations and sampling assumptions in inductive reasoning
| Autor: | Keith Ransom, Wouter Voorspoels, Amy Perfors, Daniel J. Navarro, Gert Storms |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Linguistics and Language
Generalization Concept Formation Experimental and Cognitive Psychology Monotonic function Bayesian inference Generalization Psychological Thinking PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Reasoning Artificial Intelligence Concept learning inductive reasoning Developmental and Educational Psychology Humans Learning Mathematics Frequentist probability Bayes Theorem PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology|Concepts and Categories Semantic reasoner Inductive reasoning bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Cognitive Psychology Generalization (Psychology) PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences negative evidence Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Cognitive Psychology Social psychology Cognitive psychology |
| DOI: | 10.31234/osf.io/urgxh |
| Popis: | A robust finding in category-based induction tasks is for positive observations to raise the willingness to generalize to other categories while negative observations lower the willingness to generalize. This pattern is referred to as monotonic generalization. Across three experiments we nd systematic non-monotonicity eects, in which negative observations raise the willingness to generalize. Experiments 1 and 2 show that this effect emerges in hierarchically structured domains when a negative observation from a different category is added to a positive observation. They also demonstrate that this is related to a specic kind of shift in the reasoner's hypothesis space. Experiment 3 shows that the effect depends on the assumptions that the reasoner makes about how inductive arguments are constructed. Non-monotonic reasoning occurs when people believe the facts were put together by a helpful communicator, but monotonicity is restored when they believe the observations were sampled randomly from the environment. Data and scripts associated with this article can be found on Open Science Framework: osf.io/wgqmr. ispartof: Cognitive Psychology vol:81 pages:1-25 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: published |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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