| Popis: |
Animals choose nest sites based on protection and microclimates. Manipulation of the nest site, through excavation and the addition of materials from the surrounding environment, feces, or glandular secretions, give animals the capability for complex and elaborate architecture. Nest design incorporates protection from the elements, concealment, protection from predators, and manipulation of microclimate. Parental investment choices involve balancing current and future reproductive opportunities, and allocating resources among young within a group of siblings. Parental decisions are made to maximize lifetime parental reproductive output, which sometimes results in less-than-optimal conditions from a young animal's point of view. Even infanticide can become a male's strategy for controlling his paternal investment. This conflict over resources includes interactions among siblings; the gain of resources by one sibling may result in diminished survivorship for others in the group. In extreme cases, this conflict can lead to siblicide. Much of animal aggression emerges from these conflicts over investment and resources within families, from territorial conflicts between family groups, or in the context of mating and predation. Aggression among animals generally occurs as a result of conflicts over resources, and across the broad range of animals, conflicts are much more likely to be resolved by some form of aggression than by negotiation. |
