The Pathogenesis of Fever-Induced Febrile Seizures and Its Current State
| Autor: | Shreyal Maikoo, Lihle Qulu, Musa V. Mabandla, Palesa Mosili |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
fever
0301 basic medicine Pediatrics medicine.medical_specialty business.industry General Neuroscience Febrile seizure Review medicine.disease neuroinflammation lcsh:RC321-571 Pathogenesis 03 medical and health sciences 030104 developmental biology 0302 clinical medicine Neurological abnormality IL-1β treatments convulsions medicine business lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry 030217 neurology & neurosurgery Neuroinflammation |
| Zdroj: | Neuroscience Insights, Vol 15 (2020) Neuroscience Insights |
| ISSN: | 2633-1055 |
| DOI: | 10.1177/2633105520956973 |
| Popis: | Febrile seizures, commonly in children between the ages of 3 months to 5 years, are a neurological abnormality characterized by neuronal hyper-excitability, that occur as a result of an increased core body temperature during a fever, which was caused by an underlying systemic infection. Such infections cause the immune system to elicit an inflammatory response resulting in the release of cytokines from macrophages. The cytokines such as interleukin (IL)- 1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) combat the infection in the localized area ultimately spilling over into circulation resulting in elevated cytokine levels. The cytokines, along with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed on pathogens for example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interact with the blood brain barrier (BBB) causing a ‘leaky’ BBB which facilitates cytokines and LPS entry into the central nervous system. The cytokines activate the microglia which release their own cytokines, specifically IL1β. IL-β interacts with the brain endothelium resulting in the activation of cyclooxygenase 2 which catalyzes the production of prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). PGE2 enters the hypothalamic region and induces a fever. Abnormally increased IL-1β levels also progressively increases excitatory (glutamatergic) neurotransmission, and decreases inhibitory (GABAergic) neurotransmission, thus mediating the pathogenesis of convulsions. Current treatments for febrile seizures present with side effects that are detrimental to health, which fosters the need for an alternative, more affordable treatment with fewer adverse side effects, and 1 that is easily accessible, especially in low income areas that are also affected by other underlying socio-economic factors, in which febrile seizures are of growing concern. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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