Chemical analysis of snus products from the United States and northern Europe
| Autor: | Hang T. Tran, Tameka S. Lawler, Samuel P. Caudill, Clifford H. Watson, Carolina Fernandez, B. Rey deCastro, Stephen B. Stanfill, Joseph G. Lisko, J. Brett Kimbrell, Grace E. Lee, Patrick Chen |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
medicine.medical_treatment
Social Sciences 030508 substance abuse Mass Spectrometry Analytical Chemistry Geographical Locations Toxicology Nicotine chemistry.chemical_compound Spectrum Analysis Techniques 0302 clinical medicine Policy decision Nicotine concentration Medicine and Health Sciences Psychology Public and Occupational Health 030212 general & internal medicine Multidisciplinary Chromatographic Techniques Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Europe Nicotine Addiction Chemistry Physical Sciences Snus Medicine 0305 other medical science Menthol Research Article medicine.drug Nitrosamines Tobacco Smokeless Substance-Related Disorders Science Addiction Research and Analysis Methods Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 03 medical and health sciences Alkaloids Mental Health and Psychiatry medicine Humans European Union Sweden Arithmetic Chemical Compounds Biology and Life Sciences United States Flavoring Agents chemistry Nitrosamine People and Places North America Mixed effects Smoking cessation Mathematics |
| Zdroj: | PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 1, p e0227837 (2020) PLoS ONE |
| ISSN: | 1932-6203 |
| DOI: | 10.1371/journal.pone.0227837 |
| Popis: | Introduction Snus is an oral tobacco product that originated in Sweden. Snus products are available as fine-cut loose tobacco or in pre-portioned porous “pouches.” Some snus products undergo tobacco pasteurization during manufacturing, a process that removes or reduces nitrite-forming microbes, resulting in less tobacco-specific nitrosamine content in the product. Some tobacco companies and researchers have suggested that snus is potentially less harmful than traditional tobacco and thus a potential smoking cessation aid or an alternative to continued cigarette consumption. Although snus is available in various countries, limited information exists on snus variants from different manufacturers. Methods Moisture, pH, nicotine, and tobacco-specific N’-nitrosamines (TSNAs) were quantified in 64 snus products made by 10 manufacturers in the United States and Northern Europe (NE). Reported means, standard errors, and differences are least-square (LS) estimates from bootstrapped mixed effects models, which accounted for correlation among repeated measurements. Minor alkaloids and select flavors were also measured. Results Among all product types, moisture (27.4%–59.5%), pH (pH 5.87–9.10), total nicotine (6.81–20.6 mg/g, wet), unprotonated nicotine (0.083–15.7 mg/g), and total TSNAs (390–4,910 ng/g) varied widely. The LS-mean unprotonated nicotine concentration of NE portion (7.72 mg/g, SE = 0.963) and NE loose (5.06 mg/g, SE = 1.26) snus were each significantly higher than US portion snus (1.00 mg/g, SE = 1.56). Concentrations of minor alkaloids varied most among products with the highest total nicotine levels. The LS-mean NNN+NNK were higher in snus sold in the US (1360 ng/g, SE = 207) than in NE (836 ng/g, SE = 132) countries. The most abundant flavor compounds detected were pulegone, eucalyptol, and menthol. Conclusion Physical and chemical characteristics of US and NE products labeled as snus can vary considerably and should not be considered “equivalent”. Our findings could inform public health and policy decisions pertaining to snus exposure and potential adverse health effects associated with snus. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|