Shared sanitation versus individual household latrines: a systematic review of health outcomes
| Autor: | Kelly K. Baker, Joe Brown, Oliver Cumming, Marieke Heijnen, Thomas Clasen, Rachel Peletz, Gabrielle Ka Seen Chan |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2014 |
| Předmět: |
medicine.medical_specialty
Sanitation Systematic Reviews Epidemiology Clinical Research Design media_common.quotation_subject Health Status lcsh:Medicine Disease Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research and Analysis Methods Pediatrics Infectious Disease Epidemiology Odds Hygiene Environmental health Medicine and Health Sciences Medicine Humans Public and Occupational Health Improved sanitation Toilet Facilities lcsh:Science media_common Multidisciplinary Health Care Policy business.industry Public health lcsh:R Child Health Odds ratio Research Assessment Socioeconomic Aspects of Health Health Care Research Design Housing Latrine lcsh:Q business Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health Environmental Health Research Article |
| Zdroj: | PLoS ONE PLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 4, p e93300 (2014) |
| ISSN: | 1932-6203 |
| Popis: | Background More than 761 million people rely on shared sanitation facilities. These have historically been excluded from international sanitation targets, regardless of the service level, due to concerns about acceptability, hygiene and access. In connection with a proposed change in such policy, we undertook this review to identify and summarize existing evidence that compares health outcomes associated with shared sanitation versus individual household latrines. Methods and Findings Shared sanitation included any type of facilities intended for the containment of human faeces and used by more than one household, but excluded public facilities. Health outcomes included diarrhoea, helminth infections, enteric fevers, other faecal-oral diseases, trachoma and adverse maternal or birth outcomes. Studies were included regardless of design, location, language or publication status. Studies were assessed for methodological quality using the STROBE guidelines. Twenty-two studies conducted in 21 countries met the inclusion criteria. Studies show a pattern of increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with shared sanitation compared to individual household latrines. A meta-analysis of 12 studies reporting on diarrhoea found increased odds of disease associated with reliance on shared sanitation (odds ratio (OR) 1.44, 95% CI: 1.18–1.76). Conclusion Evidence to date does not support a change of existing policy of excluding shared sanitation from the definition of improved sanitation used in international monitoring and targets. However, such evidence is limited, does not adequately address likely confounding, and does not identify potentially important distinctions among types of shared facilities. As reliance on shared sanitation is increasing, further research is necessary to determine the circumstances, if any, under which shared sanitation can offer a safe, appropriate and acceptable alternative to individual household latrines. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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