Synaptic Mitochondria: An Early Target of Amyloid-β and Tau in Alzheimer's Disease
| Autor: | Nibaldo C. Inestrosa, Angie K. Torres, Han S. Park-Kang, Adely de la Peña, Cheril Tapia-Rojas, Claudia Jara, Gabriela Vargas-Mardones, Fabián Alarcón, Javiera A. Indo, Jesus Llanquinao, Diego Tapia, Catalina M. Polanco |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Plaque
Amyloid tau Proteins Neurotransmission Mitochondrion Hippocampal formation Synapse Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor Alzheimer Disease medicine Animals Humans Senile plaques Neurons Memory Disorders Amyloid beta-Peptides Chemistry General Neuroscience Neurotoxicity Brain Neurofibrillary Tangles General Medicine medicine.disease Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease Mitochondria Psychiatry and Mental health Clinical Psychology Toxicity Synapses Geriatrics and Gerontology Neuroscience |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 84(4) |
| ISSN: | 1875-8908 |
| Popis: | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, while senile plaques are formed by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The amyloid hypothesis proposes that Aβ accumulation is primarily responsible for the neurotoxicity in AD. Multiple Aβ-mediated toxicity mechanisms have been proposed including mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it is unclear if it precedes Aβ accumulation or if is a consequence of it. Aβ promotes mitochondrial failure. However, amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) could be cleaved in the mitochondria producing Aβ peptide. Mitochondrial-produced Aβ could interact with newly formed ones or with Aβ that enter the mitochondria, which may induce its oligomerization and contribute to further mitochondrial alterations, resulting in a vicious cycle. Another explanation for AD is the tau hypothesis, in which modified tau trigger toxic effects in neurons. Tau induces mitochondrial dysfunction by indirect and apparently by direct mechanisms. In neurons mitochondria are classified as non-synaptic or synaptic according to their localization, where synaptic mitochondrial function is fundamental supporting neurotransmission and hippocampal memory formation. Here, we focus on synaptic mitochondria as a primary target for Aβ toxicity and/or formation, generating toxicity at the synapse and contributing to synaptic and memory impairment in AD. We also hypothesize that phospho-tau accumulates in mitochondria and triggers dysfunction. Finally, we discuss that synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction occur in aging and correlates with age-related memory loss. Therefore, synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction could be a predisposing factor for AD or an early marker of its onset. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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