Discovery of a sugar-based nanoparticle universally existing in boiling herbal water extracts and their immunostimulant effect
| Autor: | Naotoshi Shibahara, Minoru Nakano, Mengxin Liu, Akiko Inujima, Keiichi Koizumi, Takeshi Eto, Mikiko Suzaki, Ryo Shimada, Yoshiki Takeshita, Kazuo Maruyama, Yoshiki Otsuka, Hirofumi Iitsuka, Hiroaki Sakurai, Ryo Suzuki, Yusuke Mizuno, Yue Zhou, Keisuke Ikeda |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
medicine.drug_class SEM Scanning electron microscope Biophysics Nanoparticle Secondary metabolite Biochemistry Immunostimulant complex mixtures lcsh:Biochemistry 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Vaccine adjuvant Boiling medicine lcsh:QD415-436 Sugar lcsh:QH301-705.5 Traditional medicine Chemistry TEM Transmission electron microscopy food and beverages Boiling herbal water extracts 030104 developmental biology Drug development lcsh:Biology (General) Immunostimulant effect 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis G. Radix Glycyrrhizae Radix Sugar-based nanoparticle medicine.drug Research Article |
| Zdroj: | Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, Vol 16, Iss, Pp 62-68 (2018) |
| ISSN: | 2405-5808 |
| Popis: | Herbal medicine is mainly prepared from boiling herbal water extracts. Many epoch-making immunosuppressant drugs, such as glycyrrhizic acid (old example) and FTY720 (current example), were developed from herbal secondary metabolites in the boiling water extract by partition with organic solvents. However, few immunostimulants have been discovered by this method. Instead of the usual method, we aimed to find a novel immunostimulant component by two unique methods in the research of herbal medicine: ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. The immunostimulant was not a secondary metabolite, as expected, but the structure was a nanoparticle formed by a polysaccharide. In addition, we clarified the immune effect of the nanoparticle. Intake of the nanoparticle by phagocytosis resulted in immunostimulant effects by increasing the genes and proteins of inflammatory cytokines in macrophage cells. The immunostimulant effects were inhibited by a phagocytosis inhibitor, cytochalasin D. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the discovery of a nanoparticle in boiling herbal water extracts and its immunostimulant properties. This study will provide additional understanding of the efficacy of herbal medicine, in that the immunostimulant nanoparticle universally exists in boiling herbal water extracts. Thus, traditional herbal medicine may be an oldest known nanomedicine. Furthermore, this study suggests that the immunostimulant nanoparticle simply can be obtained from herbal medicine only by ultracentrifugation. We hope that this simple strategy will substantially contribute to drug development, including vaccine adjuvant, in the future. Highlights • Nanoparticles are universally present in boiling herbal water extracts. • Nanoparticles are obtained from these extracts by ultracentrifugation. • Nanoparticles are mainly composed of polysaccharides. • Nanoparticles have an immunostimulatory effect on macrophage cells. • This effect is exhibited by the phagocytosis of exogenous nanoparticles. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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