Smoking and Air Pollution as Pro-Inflammatory Triggers for the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis
| Autor: | Mahmood Moosa Tar Mahomed Ally, P.W.A. Meyer, Mohammed Tikly, Ronald Anderson |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Hydrolases Models Biological Arthritis Rheumatoid Pathogenesis 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound 0302 clinical medicine Air Pollution Citrulline Humans Medicine Genetic Predisposition to Disease Risk factor Lung Protein-Arginine Deiminases 030203 arthritis & rheumatology biology business.industry Smoking Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Autoantibody Middle Aged medicine.disease 030104 developmental biology medicine.anatomical_structure chemistry Rheumatoid arthritis Immunology biology.protein Female Antibody business Protein Processing Post-Translational |
| Zdroj: | Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 18:1556-1565 |
| ISSN: | 1469-994X 1462-2203 |
| DOI: | 10.1093/ntr/ntw030 |
| Popis: | INTRODUCTION Smoking is now well recognized not only as a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but also as a determinant of disease activity, severity, response to therapy, and possibly mortality. METHODS Studies, mostly recent, which have provided significant insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms which underpin the pathogenesis of smoking-related RA, as well as the possible involvement of other types of outdoor and indoor pollution form the basis of this review. RESULTS Smoking initiates chronic inflammatory events in the lungs. These, in turn, promote the release of the enzymes, peptidylarginine deiminases 2 and 4 from smoke-activated, resident and infiltrating pulmonary phagocytes. Peptidylarginine deiminases mediate conversion of various endogenous proteins to putative citrullinated autoantigens. In genetically susceptible individuals, these autoantigens trigger the production of anti-citrullinated peptide, pathogenic autoantibodies, an event which precedes the development of RA. CONCLUSIONS An increasing body of evidence has linked chronic inflammatory events in the lungs of smokers, to the production of anti-citrullinated peptide autoantibodies and development of RA. Creation of awareness of the associated risks, assessment of smoking status and implementation of compelling antismoking strategies must be included in the routine clinical management of patients presenting with suspected RA. IMPLICATIONS Chronic inflammatory mechanisms operative in the lungs of smokers lead to the production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies which, in turn, drive the development of RA. These mechanistic insights not only reinforce the association between smoking and risk for RA, but also the necessity to increase the level of awareness in those at highest risk. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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