Absence of adaptive evolution is the main barrier against influenza emergence in horses in Asia despite frequent virus interspecies transmission from wild birds
| Autor: | Joanna Crispell, Malik Peiris, Martin Gilbert, Enkhtuvshin Shiilegdamba, Gaelle Gonzalez, Batchuluun Damdinjav, Joseph Hughes, Yasmin A Parr, Y H Connie Leung, Livia Victoria Patrono, Humberto Ramírez-Mendoza, Pablo R. Murcia, Julien A R Amat, Henan Zhu, John F. Marshall, Toni-Ann Hammond |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
RNA viruses
animal diseases Avian influenza Disease Animal Phylogenetics Bird Genomics medicine.disease_cause Disease Outbreaks Animal Diseases Serology Geographical Locations Zoonoses Influenza A virus Biology (General) Phylogeny Pathology and laboratory medicine Data Management Mammals 0303 health sciences 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology Eukaryota virus diseases Genomics Medical microbiology Biological Evolution 3. Good health Phylogenetics Infectious Diseases Vertebrates Viruses Pathogens Research Article Avian Influenza Computer and Information Sciences Asia Bird genomics QH301-705.5 Immunology Equines Animals Wild Animal phylogenetics Biology Microbiology Virus Birds Evolution Molecular Animal Influenza 03 medical and health sciences Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virology Influenza Human Disease Transmission Infectious Genetics medicine Animals Humans Influenza viruses Evolutionary Systematics ddc:610 Horses Molecular Biology Epizootic Taxonomy 030304 developmental biology Medicine and health sciences Evolutionary Biology Organisms Viral pathogens Biology and Life Sciences Outbreak Mongolia RC581-607 medicine.disease Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Microbial pathogens Animal Genomics Influenza in Birds Amniotes People and Places Parasitology Evolutionary ecology Immunologic diseases. Allergy Influenza virus 610 Medizin und Gesundheit Zoology Orthomyxoviruses |
| Zdroj: | PLoS Pathogens PLoS Pathogens, Vol 15, Iss 2, p e1007531 (2019) |
| ISSN: | 1553-7366 |
| Popis: | Virus ecology and evolution play a central role in disease emergence. However, their relative roles will vary depending on the viruses and ecosystems involved. We combined field studies, phylogenetics and experimental infections to document with unprecedented detail the stages that precede initial outbreaks during viral emergence in nature. Using serological surveys we showed that in the absence of large-scale outbreaks, horses in Mongolia are routinely exposed to and infected by avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating among wild birds. Some of those AIVs are genetically related to an avian-origin virus that caused an epizootic in horses in 1989. Experimental infections showed that most AIVs replicate in the equine respiratory tract without causing lesions, explaining the absence of outbreaks of disease. Our results show that AIVs infect horses but do not spread, or they infect and spread but do not cause disease. Thus, the failure of AIVs to evolve greater transmissibility and to cause disease in horses is in this case the main barrier preventing disease emergence. Author summary Viral diseases pose a constant threat to humans and animals. Occasionally, viruses establish in new hosts, sometimes with devastating consequences. While we still do not know what allows a virus to infect and become transmissible in a new population, it is clear that ecology and evolution play an important part in this process. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) constitute the archetypical example of emerging viruses: their main natural reservoir is in wild birds but they have also established in humans, pigs and horses. To better understand how IAVs circulate in nature we sequenced over twenty avian influenza viruses collected from wild birds in Mongolia. We show that these viruses are partially related to a virus that caused an equine influenza epizootic in 1989, that they can infect and replicate in the respiratory tract of the horse without causing any tissue damage, and that -based on serological evidence- horses in Mongolia have been regularly exposed to them over a broad geographical area without causing clinically evident outbreaks. We conclude that equine infections by avian viruses able to replicate in horses are more common than originally thought and that the failure to acquire key genetic changes is in this case the main barrier to disease emergence. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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