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ObjectivesTo analyse associations between living in social housing and smoking in England and evaluate progress toward reducing disparities in smoking prevalence among residents of social housing compared with other housing types.DesignNationally-representative, cross-sectional survey between January 2015 and February 2020.SettingEngland.Participants105,562 adults (≥16y).Primary and secondary outcome measuresLinear and logistic regression were used to analyse associations between living in social housing (vs. other housing types) and smoking status, cigarettes per day, time to first cigarette, exposure to smoking by others, motivation to stop smoking, quit attempts, and use of cessation support. Analyses adjusted for sex, age, social grade, region, and survey year.ResultsAdults living in social housing had twice the odds of being a smoker (ORadj=2.17, 95%CI 2.08- 2.27), and the decline in smoking prevalence between 2015 and 2020 was less pronounced in this high-risk group (−7%; ORadj=0.98, 95%CI 0.96-1.01) than among adults living in other housing types (− 24%; ORadj=0.95, 95%CI 0.94-0.96; housing tenure*survey year interaction p=0.020). Smokers living in social housing were more addicted than those in other housing (smoking within 30 minutes of waking: ORadj=1.50, 95%CI 1.39-1.61), but were no less motivated to stop smoking (ORadj=1.06, 95%CI 0.96-1.17) and had higher odds of having made a serious attempt to quit in the past year (ORadj=1.16, 95%CI 1.07-1.25). Among smokers who had tried to quit, those living in social housing had higher odds of using evidence-based cessation support (ORadj=1.22, 95%CI 1.07-1.39) but lower odds of remaining abstinent (ORadj=0.63, 95%CI 0.52-0.76).ConclusionsThere remain stark inequalities in smoking and quitting behaviour by housing tenure in England, with declines in prevalence stalling between 2015 and 2020 despite progress in the rest of the population. In the absence of targeted interventions to boost quitting among social housing residents, inequalities in health are likely to worsen.Strengths and limitations of this studyA major strength of this study was the large sample, which was representative of adults living in England.Another strength was the broad range of smoking outcomes assessed, offering a detailed view of smoking behaviour among people living in social housing compared with those living in other housing types.The main limitation was that all outcomes were self-reported, introducing scope for bias. |
