Ecotrons: Powerful and versatile ecosystem analysers for ecology, agronomy and environmental science

Autor: George A. Kowalchuk, Jörg-Peter Schnitzler, Clément Piel, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Nicolas Brüggemann, Jean-François Le Galliard, Samuel Abiven, Stuart H Larsen, Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen, Sarah Garré, Florent Massol, Hans J. De Boeck, Ivan Nijs, Joana Sauze, Bernard Longdoz, Alexandru Milcu, Natalie Beenaerts, Nico Eisenhauer, Timo Domisch, Matteo Dainese, Francois Rineau, Thomas Pütz, Richard L. Jasoni, Andrea Ghirardo, John A. Arnone, Leonardo H. Teixeira, Vincent Leemans, Alban Gebler, Georg Niedrist, Damien Landais, Craig V. M. Barton, J. Barbro Winkler, Olivier Ravel, Jacques Roy, Mark G. Tjoelker, Anja Schmidt
Přispěvatelé: Écotron Européen de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEREEP-Ecotron Ile de France (UMS 3194), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)
Rok vydání: 2021
Předmět:
0106 biological sciences
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
Process (engineering)
Ecology (disciplines)
Biodiversity
010603 evolutionary biology
01 natural sciences
Natural (archaeology)
Soil
experimentation
[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology
environment/Ecosystems
environmental simulations
Environmental Science(all)
ddc:570
Environmental Chemistry
Ecosystem
controlled environment facilities
Biology
global change
biodiversity
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
General Environmental Science
2. Zero hunger
Global and Planetary Change
Ecology
[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering
business.industry
Environmental resource management
Research Review
Global change
15. Life on land
research infrastructures
ecosystem process measurements
ddc
Variety (cybernetics)
Chemistry
13. Climate action
Controlled Environment Facilities
Ecosystem Functioning
Ecosystem Process Measurements
Environmental Simulations
Experimentation
Global Change
Research Infrastructures
ecosystem functioning
Complementarity (molecular biology)
Environmental Science
Environmental science
[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
business
Zdroj: Global change biology
Roy, J, Rineau, F, De Boeck, H J, Nijs, I, Pütz, T, Abiven, S, Arnone, J A, Barton, C V M, Beenaerts, N, Brüggemann, N, Dainese, M, Domisch, T, Eisenhauer, N, Garré, S, Gebler, A, Ghirardo, A, Jasoni, R L, Kowalchuk, G, Landais, D, Larsen, S H, Leemans, V, Le Galliard, J-F, Longdoz, B, Massol, F, Mikkelsen, T N, Niedrist, G, Piel, C, Ravel, O, Sauze, J, Schmidt, A, Schnitzler, J-P, Teixeira, L H, Tjoelker, M G, Weisser, W W, Winkler, J B & Milcu, A 2021, ' Ecotrons: powerful and versatile ecosystem analysers for ecology, agronomy and environmental science ', Global Change Biology, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1387-1407 . https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15471
Global Change Biology, 27(7), 1387. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (10.1111)
Global Change Biology
Global Change Biology, Wiley, In press, ⟨10.1111/gcb.15471⟩
Global Change Biology, In press, ⟨10.1111/gcb.15471⟩
Global change biology 27(7), 1387-1407 (2021). doi:10.1111/gcb.15471
Glob. Change Biol. 27, 1387-1407 (2021)
ISSN: 1365-2486
1354-1013
Popis: Ecosystems integrity and services are threatened by anthropogenic global changes. Mitigating and adapting to these changes require knowledge of ecosystem functioning in the expected novel environments, informed in large part through experimentation and modelling. This paper describes 13 advanced controlled environment facilities for experimental ecosystem studies, herein termed ecotrons, open to the international community. Ecotrons enable simulation of a wide range of natural environmental conditions in replicated and independent experimental units while measuring various ecosystem processes. This capacity to realistically control ecosystem environments is used to emulate a variety of climatic scenarios and soil conditions, in natural sunlight or through broad‐spectrum lighting. The use of large ecosystem samples, intact or reconstructed, minimizes border effects and increases biological and physical complexity. Measurements of concentrations of greenhouse trace gases as well as their net exchange between the ecosystem and the atmosphere are performed in most ecotrons, often quasi continuously. The flow of matter is often tracked with the use of stable isotope tracers of carbon and other elements. Equipment is available for measurements of soil water status as well as root and canopy growth. The experiments ran so far emphasize the diversity of the hosted research. Half of them concern global changes, often with a manipulation of more than one driver. About a quarter deal with the impact of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning and one quarter with ecosystem or plant physiology. We discuss how the methodology for environmental simulation and process measurements, especially in soil, can be improved and stress the need to establish stronger links with modelling in future projects. These developments will enable further improvements in mechanistic understanding and predictive capacity of ecotron research which will play, in complementarity with field experimentation and monitoring, a crucial role in exploring the ecosystem consequences of environmental changes.
Experimentation and modelling are necessary to predict ecosystem functioning under future environments and to develop mitigating and adapting strategies. This paper describes 13 advanced controlled environment facilities, called ecotrons, open to the international community. An ecotron comprises a set of replicated enclosures designed to host ecosystems samples and enable realistic simulations of above‐ and belowground environmental conditions, while simultaneously and automatically measuring ecosystem processes. The characteristics of these infrastructures are given as well as examples of collaborative projects hosted so far.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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