Epitope Shaving Promotes Fungal Immune Evasion
| Autor: | Neil A. R. Gow, Delma S. Childers, Judith M. Bain, Daniel E. Larcombe, Gabriela Mol Avelar, Arnab Pradhan, Alistair J. P. Brown, Mihai G. Netea, Lars P. Erwig |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Phagocytosis Cell Xog1 exoglucanase lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 4] Virulence Moths Microbiology Epitope Host-Microbe Biology Epitopes Mice Immune system Virology Candida albicans medicine Extracellular Cellulose 1 4-beta-Cellobiosidase Animals Anaerobiosis Lactic Acid immune evasion biology Macrophages biochemical phenomena metabolism and nutrition biology.organism_classification Corpus albicans QR1-502 virulence Mice Inbred C57BL medicine.anatomical_structure castanospermine Larva cell wall β-glucan shaving Metabolic Networks and Pathways Research Article |
| Zdroj: | mBio, Vol 11, Iss 4 (2020) Mbio, 11 Mbio, 11, 4 mBio |
| ISSN: | 2150-7511 |
| Popis: | The immune system plays a critical role in protecting us against potentially fatal fungal infections. However, some fungal pathogens have evolved evasion strategies that reduce the efficacy of our immune defenses. Previously, we reported that the fungal pathogen Candida albicans exploits specific host-derived signals (such as lactate and hypoxia) to trigger an immune evasion strategy that involves reducing the exposure of β-glucan at its cell surface. Here, we show that this phenomenon is mediated by the induction of a major secreted exoglucanase (Xog1) by the fungus in response to these host signals. Inactivating XOG1-mediated “shaving” of cell surface-exposed β-glucan enhances immune responses against the fungus. Furthermore, inhibiting exoglucanase activity pharmacologically attenuates C. albicans virulence. In addition to revealing the mechanism underlying a key immune evasion strategy in a major fungal pathogen of humans, our work highlights the potential therapeutic value of drugs that block fungal immune evasion. The cell wall provides a major physical interface between fungal pathogens and their mammalian host. This extracellular armor is critical for fungal cell homeostasis and survival. Fungus-specific cell wall moieties, such as β-1,3-glucan, are recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that activate immune-mediated clearance mechanisms. We have reported that the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans masks β-1,3-glucan following exposure to lactate, hypoxia, or iron depletion. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which C. albicans masks β-1,3-glucan has remained obscure. Here, we identify a secreted exoglucanase, Xog1, that is induced in response to lactate or hypoxia. Xog1 functions downstream of the lactate-induced β-glucan “masking” pathway to promote β-1,3-glucan “shaving.” Inactivation of XOG1 blocks most but not all β-1,3-glucan masking in response to lactate, suggesting that other activities contribute to this phenomenon. Nevertheless, XOG1 deletion attenuates the lactate-induced reductions in phagocytosis and cytokine stimulation normally observed for wild-type cells. We also demonstrate that the pharmacological inhibition of exoglucanases undermines β-glucan shaving, enhances the immune visibility of the fungus, and attenuates its virulence. Our study establishes a new mechanism underlying environmentally induced PAMP remodeling that can be manipulated pharmacologically to influence immune recognition and infection outcomes. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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