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OBJECTIVES: To examine associations of healthy lifestyle during pregnancy with anthropometric characteristics of grandchildren during adolescence and young adulthood. METHODS: Our study population included 14,001 grandmother-mother-child triads comprised of participants of two ongoing prospective cohort studies of related individuals. We used self-reported grand-maternal gestational weight gain (GWG), diet, physical activity, and smoking during pregnancy to create a lifestyle score ranged from 0–12, with a higher score indicating healthier lifestyle. Maternal and grandchild characteristics, including anthropometry, were self-assessed in follow-up questionnaires. RESULTS: Compared with individuals whose grandmothers had the least healthy lifestyle during pregnancy, individuals whose grandmothers had the most healthy lifestyle had 0.17 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.33; P for trend = 0.05) kg/m2 lower body mass index (BMI) and 7% (95% CI: 2%, 12%; P for trend = 0.001) lower risk of overweight or obesity in the offspring during adolescence and young adulthood. The inverse associations between grand-maternal lifestyle and BMI in offspring were mainly mediated by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (mediation effect: 64%; P value = 0.001). Overall, maternal BMI, along with maternal socioeconomic status and lifestyles in the second and third generations accounted for all of the inter-generational association (mediation effect: 99%; P value |
