Serum Chloride Is an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Hypertensive Patients
| Autor: | Naveed Sattar, Ellen Marie Freel, Jesse Dawson, Scott Muir, Rajan K. Patel, Adyani Md Redzuan, William T. Sloan, Matthew Walters, Linsay McCallum, Claire E. Hastie, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Gordon T. McInnes, Catherine Williamson, Anna F. Dominiczak, David S. Morrison, Sandosh Padmanabhan |
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| Rok vydání: | 2013 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male medicine.medical_specialty Bicarbonate chemistry.chemical_compound Chlorides Time at risk Risk Factors Internal medicine Internal Medicine medicine Humans Serum chloride Longitudinal Studies Sodium Chloride Dietary Aged Proportional Hazards Models Aged 80 and over Proportional hazards model business.industry Hazard ratio Confounding Middle Aged Confidence interval Blood pressure Endocrinology Scotland chemistry Hypertension Female business Follow-Up Studies |
| Zdroj: | Hypertension. 62:836-843 |
| ISSN: | 1524-4563 0194-911X |
| Popis: | Chloride (Cl − ) is the major extracellular anion in the body, accompanying sodium (Na + ), and is primarily derived from dietary sources. Data suggest that increased dietary Cl − intake increases blood pressure, yet paradoxically, higher serum Cl − appears associated with lower mortality and cardiovascular risk. This implies that serum Cl − also reflects risk pathways independent of blood pressure, serum Na + , and bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ). We analyzed 12 968 hypertensive individuals followed up for 35 years, using Cox proportional hazards model to test whether baseline serum Cl − was an independent predictor of mortality. To distinguish the effect of Cl − from Na + and HCO 3 − , we adjusted for these electrolytes and also performed the analysis stratified by Na + /HCO 3 − and Cl − levels. Generalized estimating equation was used to determine the effect of baseline Cl − on follow-up blood pressure. The total time at risk was 197 101 person-years. The lowest quintile of serum Cl − (− was associated with a 1.5% (hazard ratio, 0.985; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–0.99) reduction in all-cause mortality, after adjustment for baseline confounding variables and Na + , K + , and HCO3 − levels. The group with Na + >135 and Cl − >100 had the best survival, and compared with this group, the Na + >135 and Cl − − (− and risk. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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