Budgerigars have complex sleep structure similar to that of mammals
| Autor: | Daniel Margoliash, Sofija V. Canavan |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Male Eye Movements Physiology Visual System Sensory Physiology Social Sciences Sleep Slow-Wave 0302 clinical medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Psychology Biology (General) Slow-wave sleep Mammals Clinical Neurophysiology Brain Mapping biology Animal Behavior General Neuroscience Ultradian Rhythm Eukaryota Electroencephalography Sleep in non-human animals Biological Evolution Sensory Systems Circadian Rhythm Electrophysiology Bioassays and Physiological Analysis Brain Electrophysiology Budgerigar Vertebrates Female Anatomy General Agricultural and Biological Sciences Research Article Imaging Techniques QH301-705.5 Photoperiod Polysomnography Rapid eye movement sleep Zoology Sleep REM Neurophysiology Neuroimaging Research and Analysis Methods Non-rapid eye movement sleep General Biochemistry Genetics and Molecular Biology Birds 03 medical and health sciences Species Specificity Ocular System biology.animal Animals Humans Melopsittacus Ultradian rhythm Behavior General Immunology and Microbiology Electrophysiological Techniques Organisms Eye movement Biology and Life Sciences biology.organism_classification Songbird Electrophysiological Phenomena Electrooculography 030104 developmental biology Amniotes Eyes Clinical Medicine Sleep Physiological Processes Head 030217 neurology & neurosurgery Neuroscience Budgerigars |
| Zdroj: | PLoS Biology, Vol 18, Iss 11, p e3000929 (2020) PLoS Biology |
| ISSN: | 1545-7885 1544-9173 |
| Popis: | Birds and mammals share specialized forms of sleep including slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), raising the question of why and how specialized sleep evolved. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features characteristic of mammalian sleep, and therefore that specialized sleep must have evolved independently in birds and mammals. This has been challenged by evidence of more complex sleep in multiple songbird species. To extend this analysis beyond songbirds, we examined a species of parrot, the sister taxon to songbirds. We implanted adult budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrooculogram (EOG) electrodes to evaluate sleep architecture, and video monitored birds during sleep. Sleep was scored with manual and automated techniques, including automated detection of slow waves and eye movements. This can help define a new standard for how to score sleep in birds. Budgerigars exhibited consolidated sleep, a pattern also observed in songbirds, and many mammalian species, including humans. We found that REM constituted 26.5% of total sleep, comparable to humans and an order of magnitude greater than previously reported. Although we observed no spindles, we found a clear state of intermediate sleep (IS) similar to non-REM (NREM) stage 2. Across the night, SWS decreased and REM increased, as observed in mammals and songbirds. Slow wave activity (SWA) fluctuated with a 29-min ultradian rhythm, indicating a tendency to move systematically through sleep states as observed in other species with consolidated sleep. These results are at variance with numerous older sleep studies, including for budgerigars. Here, we demonstrated that lighting conditions used in the prior budgerigar study—and commonly used in older bird studies—dramatically disrupted budgerigar sleep structure, explaining the prior results. Thus, it is likely that more complex sleep has been overlooked in a broad range of bird species. The similarities in sleep architecture observed in mammals, songbirds, and now budgerigars, alongside recent work in reptiles and basal birds, provide support for the hypothesis that a common amniote ancestor possessed the precursors that gave rise to REM and SWS at one or more loci in the parallel evolution of sleep in higher vertebrates. We discuss this hypothesis in terms of the common plan of forebrain organization shared by reptiles, birds, and mammals. Extensive prior studies concluded that avian sleep lacked many features characteristic of mammalian sleep, and therefore that specialized sleep must have evolved independently in birds and mammals. However, this study shows that the architecture of sleep in budgerigars, a species of parrot, is surprisingly similar to that in human adults, raising new questions about the evolution of complex mammalian-like sleep structure. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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