A large and persistent outbreak of typhoid fever caused by consuming contaminated water and street-vended beverages: Kampala, Uganda, January – June 2015
| Autor: | Fred Nsubuga, Lilian Bulage, David Were Oguttu, Benon Kwesiga, Monica Musenero, Sam Kasozi, Immaculate Nabukenya, Milton Makoba Wetaka, Eric D. Mintz, Vincent R. Hill, Janell Routh, Melissa Dahlke, Joseph K. B. Matovu, Gerald Pande, Ben Masiira, Amelia Bicknese, Henry Kajumbula, Steven Ndugwa Kabwama, Richardson Mafigiri, Issa Makumbi, Bao-Ping Zhu, Peter Hughes, Allen Eva Okullo, Gerardo A. Gómez, Christine Kihembo, Simon Kyazze, Juliet Nsimire Sendagala |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Veterinary medicine Salmonella typhi Disease Outbreaks Feces 0302 clinical medicine Risk Factors Blood culture Uganda 030212 general & internal medicine Child medicine.diagnostic_test lcsh:Public aspects of medicine Middle Aged Case-control 6. Clean water Anti-Bacterial Agents 3. Good health Fruit and Vegetable Juices Diarrhea Female Headaches medicine.symptom Typhoid fever Adult Adolescent Fever 030231 tropical medicine Food Contamination Beverages Young Adult 03 medical and health sciences Water Supply medicine Humans Aged business.industry Drinking Water Water Pollution Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Correction Outbreak lcsh:RA1-1270 medicine.disease Fecal coliform business Malaria |
| Zdroj: | BMC Public Health, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2017) BMC Public Health |
| ISSN: | 1471-2458 |
| Popis: | Background On 6 February 2015, Kampala city authorities alerted the Ugandan Ministry of Health of a “strange disease” that killed one person and sickened dozens. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to identify the nature of the disease, mode of transmission, and risk factors to inform timely and effective control measures. Methods We defined a suspected case as onset of fever (≥37.5 °C) for more than 3 days with abdominal pain, headache, negative malaria test or failed anti-malaria treatment, and at least 2 of the following: diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, constipation, fatigue. A probable case was defined as a suspected case with a positive TUBEX® TF test. A confirmed case had blood culture yielding Salmonella Typhi. We conducted a case-control study to compare exposures of 33 suspected case-patients and 78 controls, and tested water and juice samples. Results From 17 February–12 June, we identified 10,230 suspected, 1038 probable, and 51 confirmed cases. Approximately 22.58% (7/31) of case-patients and 2.56% (2/78) of controls drank water sold in small plastic bags (ORM-H = 8.90; 95%CI = 1.60–49.00); 54.54% (18/33) of case-patients and 19.23% (15/78) of controls consumed locally-made drinks (ORM-H = 4.60; 95%CI: 1.90–11.00). All isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Water and juice samples exhibited evidence of fecal contamination. Conclusion Contaminated water and street-vended beverages were likely vehicles of this outbreak. At our recommendation authorities closed unsafe water sources and supplied safe water to affected areas. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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