The composition and initial evaluation of a grimace scale in ferrets after surgical implantation of a telemetry probe
| Autor: | Reijgwart, Marsinah L, Schoemaker, Nico J, Pascuzzo, Riccardo, Leach, Matthew C, Stodel, Melanie, de Nies, Loes, Hendriksen, Coenraad F M, Van Der Meer, Miriam, Vinke, Claudia M, van Zeeland, Yvonne R A, dASS BW-2 |
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| Přispěvatelé: | dASS BW-2 |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Cheeks
Negative weight Facial Muscles lcsh:Medicine 0403 veterinary science 0302 clinical medicine Pain assessment Telemetry Medicine and Health Sciences Animal Anatomy lcsh:Science Nose Pain Measurement Orthodontics Mammals Observer Variation Multidisciplinary Eukaryota 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences Facial Expression medicine.anatomical_structure Surgical Procedures Operative Vertebrates Female Anatomy Research Article medicine.medical_specialty 040301 veterinary sciences 03 medical and health sciences Ocular System medicine Animals Animal Physiology Animal species business.industry lcsh:R Organisms Ferrets Biology and Life Sciences Cheek Surgery Ears Face Vibrissae Amniotes Eyes lcsh:Q sense organs business Head Zoology 030217 neurology & neurosurgery |
| Zdroj: | PLoS ONE, Vol 12, Iss 11, p e0187986 (2017) PLoS ONE PLoS One, 12(11). Public Library of Science |
| ISSN: | 1932-6203 |
| Popis: | Reliable recognition of pain is difficult in ferrets as many currently available parameters are non-specific, inconsistent and/or impractical. Grimace scales have successfully been applied to assess pain in different animal species and might also be applicable to ferrets. To compose a Ferret Grimace Scale (FGS), we studied the facial musculature of ferrets and compared lateral photographs of 19 ferret faces at six time points before and after intraperitoneal telemetry probe implantation. We identified the Action Units (AUs) orbital tightening, nose bulging, cheek bulging, ear changes and whisker retraction as potential indicators of pain in ferrets. To evaluate whether these AUs could reliably be used to identify photographs taken before and after surgery, the photographs were scored 0, 1 or 2 (not, moderately or obviously present) by 11 observers that were blinded to the treatment and timing of the photographs. All AU-scores assigned to the photographs taken five hours after surgery were significantly higher compared to their time-matched baseline scores. Further analysis using the weights that were obtained using a Linear Discriminant Analysis revealed that scoring orbital tightening alone was sufficient to make this distinction with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Including weighted scores for nose bulging, cheek bulging and ear change did not change this. As these AUs had more missing values than orbital tightening, their descriptions should be re-evaluated. Including whisker retraction, which had a negative weight, resulted in lower accuracy and should therefore in its current form be left out of the FGS. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the FGS and the AU orbital tightening in particular could be useful in a multifactorial pain assessment protocol for ferrets. However, before applying the FGS in practice, it should be further validated by incorporating more time points before and after applying (different) painful stimuli, and different levels of analgesia. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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