Abating N in Nordic agriculture - Policy, measures and way forward
| Autor: | Filip Moldan, Katri Rankinen, Eila Turtola, Kajsa Pira, Sofie Hellsten, Airi Kulmala, Stina Olofsson, Tommy Dalgaard, Kjetil Tørseth, Lars R. Bakken, Kristoffer Piil, Marianne Bechmann |
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| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
Natural resource economics Denmark 0208 environmental biotechnology Ammonia emissions 02 engineering and technology 010501 environmental sciences Management Monitoring Policy and Law 01 natural sciences Nitrogen surplus Carrying capacity Waste Management and Disposal Finland Nitrogen management 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Sweden 2. Zero hunger Norway VDP::Landbruks- og Fiskerifag: 900 business.industry Nitrogen policy Agriculture Subsidy General Medicine Voluntary action Directive Reactive nitrogen 020801 environmental engineering Nordic countries 13. Climate action Aquatic environment N application Business |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Environmental Management Hellsten, S, Dalgaard, T, Rankinen, K, Tørseth, K, Kulmala, A, Turtola, E, Moldan, F, Pira, K, Piil, K, Bakken, L, Bechmann, M & Olofsson, S 2019, ' Abating N in Nordic agriculture-Policy, measures and way forward ', Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 236, pp. 674-686 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.143 |
| ISSN: | 0301-4797 |
| Popis: | During the past twenty years, the Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway) have introduced a range of measures to reduce losses of nitrogen (N) to air and to aquatic environment by leaching and runoff. However, the agricultural sector is still an important N source to the environment, and projections indicate relatively small emission reductions in the coming years. The four Nordic countries have different priorities and strategies regarding agricultural N flows and mitigation measures, and therefore they are facing different challenges and barriers. In Norway farm subsidies are used to encourage measures, but these are mainly focused on phosphorus (P). In contrast, Denmark targets N and uses control regulations to reduce losses. In Sweden and Finland, both voluntary actions combined with subsidies help to mitigate both N and P. The aim of this study was to compare the present situation pertaining to agricultural N in the Nordic countries as well as to provide recommendations for policy instruments to achieve cost effective abatement of reactive N from agriculture in the Nordic countries, and to provide guidance to other countries. To further reduce N losses from agriculture, the four countries will have to continue to take different routes. In particular, some countries will need new actions if 2020 and 2030 National Emissions Ceilings Directive (NECD) targets are to be met. Many options are possible, including voluntary action, regulation, taxation and subsidies, but the difficulty is finding the right balance between these policy options for each country. The governments in the Nordic countries should put more attention to the NECD and consult with relevant stakeholders, researchers and farmer's associations on which measures to prioritize to achieve these goals on time. It is important to pick remaining low hanging fruits through use of the most cost effective mitigation measures. We suggest that N application rate and its timing should be in accordance with the crop need and carrying capacity of environmental recipients. Also, the choice of application technology can further reduce the risk of N losses into air and waters. This may require more region-specific solutions and knowledge-based support with tailored information in combination with further targeted subsidies or regulations. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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