Hopelessness the 'Active Ingredient'? Associations of Hopelessness and Depressive Symptoms with Interleukin-6
| Autor: | Amanda M. Mitchell, Patrick Pössel, Elaine Sjögren, Margareta Kristenson |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2013 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male medicine.medical_specialty Cross-sectional study Hope Predictive Value of Tests Linear regression medicine Humans Psychiatry Interleukin 6 Depressive symptoms Aged Sweden biology Depression Interleukin-6 Regression analysis Middle Aged humanities Psychiatry and Mental health Cross-Sectional Studies Predictive value of tests biology.protein Regression Analysis Female Psychology Clinical psychology |
| Zdroj: | The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 46:109-117 |
| ISSN: | 1541-3527 0091-2174 |
| Popis: | Objective: Previous research has revealed a relationship of depressive symptoms and hopelessness with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) which are associated with elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6). The objective of this study was to explore whether depressive symptoms and hopelessness are independent predictors of IL-6 levels. Method: Hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and IL-6 were measured in 45 Swedish adults (26 women and 19 men; age range: 31–65 years). Two separated linear regressions were conducted with hopelessness and depressive symptoms serving as individual predictors of IL-6. Another regression analysis examined whether the two predictors predict IL-6 when controlling for each other. The regression coefficients of the models with one predictor and with both predictors were compared. Results: As predicted, after adjusting for age, BMI, illness, smoking, and gender, more depressive symptoms and more hopelessness predicted higher IL-6 levels in independent regressions. When controlling for each other, hopelessness, but not depressive symptoms, predicted IL-6 levels. Finally, when controlling for hopelessness, the regression between depressive symptoms and IL-6 level was significantly reduced; however, there was no significant change in the regression between hopelessness and IL-6 level when controlling for depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Thus, these results suggest that depressive symptoms and hopelessness are not independent predictors of IL-6 levels. Future research should explore the interplay of hopelessness and depressive symptoms on other risk factors of CVDs. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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