Use of illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco in Spain and Portugal during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020 as measured by wastewater-based epidemiology
| Autor: | Andrea Estévez-Danta, Lubertus Bijlsma, Ricardo Capela, Rafael Cela, Alberto Celma, Félix Hernández, Unax Lertxundi, João Matias, Rosa Montes, Gorka Orive, Ailette Prieto, Miguel M. Santos, Rosario Rodil, José Benito Quintana |
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| Přispěvatelé: | Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2022 |
| Předmět: |
Drugs of abuse
Nicotine Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring Environmental Engineering Substance-Related Disorders N-Methyl-3 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine Wastewater Methamphetamine wastewater surveillance Cocaine Lockdown Tobacco Humans Environmental Chemistry Pandemics Waste Management and Disposal Ethanol Portugal Illicit Drugs COVID-19 Pollution Coronavirus Substance Abuse Detection Amphetamine Spain Communicable Disease Control ethanol Wastewater surveillance Water Pollutants Chemical drugs of abuse nicotine |
| Zdroj: | Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela instname Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación Repositori Universitat Jaume I Universitat Jaume I |
| Popis: | The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly worldwide in the year 2020, which was initially restrained by drastic mobility restrictions. In this work, we investigated the use of illicit drugs (amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, cocaine and cannabis), and licit substances of abuse (alcohol and tobacco) during the earlier months (March–July 2020) of the pandemic restrictions in four Spanish (Bilbao and its metropolitan area, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Castellón and Santiago de Compostela) and two Portuguese (Porto and Vila do Conde) locations by wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). The results show that no methamphetamine was detected in any of the locations monitored, while amphetamine use was only detectable in the two locations from the Basque Country (Bilbao and its metropolitan area and Vitoria-Gasteiz), with high estimated average usage rates (700–930 mg day−1 1000 inhabitant−1). The remaining substances were detected in all the investigated catchment areas. In general, no remarkable changes were found in population normalized loads compared to former years, except for cocaine (i.e. its main metabolite, benzoylecgonine). For this drug, a notable decrease in use was discernible in Castellón, while its usage in Porto and Santiago de Compostela seemed to continue in a rising trend, already initiated in former years. Furthermore, two events of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) dumping in the sewage network were confirmed by enantiomeric analysis, one in Santiago de Compostela just prior the lockdown and the second one in the Bilbao and its metropolitan area in July after relieving the more stringent measures. The latter could also be associated with a police intervention. The comparison of WBE with (web) survey data, which do not provide information at a local level, points towards contradictory conclusions for some of the substances, thereby highlighting the need for stable WBE networks capable of near real-time monitoring drug use This research was funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación – MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (CTM2016-81935-REDT, PID2020-117686RB-C32 and PID2020-117686RB-C31), Consellería de Cultura de Galicia, Educación e Universidades (ED481A-2020/258 and ED431C 2021/06), Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (2020I009), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Next Generation EU (RD21/0009/0012 – RIAPAd Network), Generalitat Valenciana (Research Group of Excellence Prometeo 2019/040), Fundación Vital (Vitoria-Gasteiz) and Ayuntamiento de Vitoria-Gasteiz SI |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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