Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Carcinogenic Elements As, Cd, and Cr in Multiple Media—A Case of a Sustainable Farming Area in China
| Autor: | Chang Li, Kui Cai, Moxin Wu, Xin Gao, Zefeng Song |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Pollution
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences media_common.quotation_subject Geography Planning and Development TJ807-830 010501 environmental sciences Management Monitoring Policy and Law TD194-195 01 natural sciences Renewable energy sources bioaccumulation factors Cation-exchange capacity GE1-350 Carcinogen 0105 earth and related environmental sciences media_common Environmental effects of industries and plants Health risk assessment Renewable Energy Sustainability and the Environment carcinogenic risk Soil carbon Hazard quotient Environmental sciences Multiple media soil properties Bioaccumulation Environmental chemistry Environmental science multiple media health risk model |
| Zdroj: | Sustainability Volume 11 Issue 19 Sustainability, Vol 11, Iss 19, p 5208 (2019) |
| ISSN: | 2071-1050 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/su11195208 |
| Popis: | The high concentrations of trace elements in the environment, especially the carcinogenic elements Cr, Cd, and As, in populated areas can lead to an increased non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk in humans via the effective exposure pathways (inhalation and dermal contact). In this study, the concentrations of the trace elements Cd, Cr, and As in four media were comprehensively evaluated by collecting samples from atmospheric precipitates (A), wheat (W), soil (S), and groundwater (G) in the agricultural plain. This study not only considers the health risk level, but also focuses on the relationship between soil properties and the soil&ndash wheat system. First, according to the results of the analysis, the concentration of carcinogenic elements in atmospheric precipitates was higher than that in other media. The sequence follows the order A > S > W > G. Moreover, the input flux of A was at a relatively higher level (determined via an input flux calculation) than other farming areas. Second, the pollution of Cr, Cd, and As in A and S were analyzed using the geoaccumulation method, and the level of Cd reached mild to moderate pollution. In addition, it was found that the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of Cd were much higher than those of As and Cr in the soil&ndash wheat system. Furthermore, it was found that the negative relationship between BAFs and pH, CEC (cation exchange capacity), Corg (soil organic carbon), and clay was significant. Lastly, the hazard quotient (HQ) of the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk (CR) of the three elements in multiple media were calculated using the health risk model. The HQ results showed that the total non-carcinogenic risk index (HI) of Cd, As, and Cr in the multiple-media did not exceed the risk limit (1.00), and there was no significant risk to the locally exposed population. However, the total carcinogenic risk index (TCR) indicated that the risk index of Cr, As and Cd in multiple media exceeded the safety index range (&asymp 10&minus 6&ndash 4), and the three elements posed a significant carcinogenic risk to local residents via the main pathways. In terms of individual elements, the risk of cancer was highest via the ingestion of the carcinogenic element Cd in G and W. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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