Old world hipparion evolution, biogeography, climatology and ecology
| Autor: | Mikael Fortelius, Juha Saarinen, Anu Kaakinen, Ferhat Kaya, Raymond L. Bernor |
|---|---|
| Přispěvatelé: | Department of Geosciences and Geography, Evolutionary Palaeontology group, Long Terrestrial Archives, Finnish Museum of Natural History |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
1171 Geosciences
010506 paleontology Old World Pleistocene PERISSODACTYLA MAMMALIA EARLY PLEISTOCENE LATE MIOCENE 010502 geochemistry & geophysics Neogene Paleobiogeography 01 natural sciences Eurygnathohippus 1ST OCCURRENCE Quaternary 14. Life underwater 0105 earth and related environmental sciences biology Ecology RED CRAG Hippotherium LATE PLIOCENE NORTH-AMERICA 15. Life on land biology.organism_classification EURYGNATHOHIPPUS-FEIBELI LATE NEOGENE LATEST MIOCENE Geography Vallesian Africa General Earth and Planetary Sciences Eurasia Cormohipparion Paleoecology Hipparion |
| Popis: | Nearly five decades ago Berggren and Van Couvering proposed an Old World “Hipparion Datum” wherein a North American Hipparion extended its range across Eurasia and Africa as an “instantaneous prochoresis” populating the Old World. Four decades ago Woodburne and Bernor examined European and North African hipparion assemblages and proposed a number of distinct hipparion lineages, sharply departing from the mono-generic paradigm of previous work. Through the 1980s until now, hipparion systematic studies have delineated multiple superspecific groups of hipparions. Herein, we define 10 recognizable genus-rank Eurasian and African taxa delineating their chronologic occurrences, geographic extent and where data exists, their body mass and paleodietary preferences. Our study supports the current interpretation that a species of North American Cormohipparion extended its range into the Old World in the early late Miocene. Regional first occurrences of Cormohipparion are recognized in the Potwar Plateau, Pakistan and Sinap Tepe, Turkey 10.8 Ma. The slightly derived lineage Hippotherium is recorded earlier in the Pannonian C of the Vienna Basin, 11.4–11.0 Ma marking the chronologic “Hipparion” Datum at the lower boundary of Mammal Neogene (MN) Unit 9. Within MN 9, 11.2–9.9 Ma, Cormohipparion underwent a minor diversification whereas Hippotherium diversified in Central and Western Europe and China and Sivalhippus (S. nagriensis) originated in the Indian Subcontinent. Whereas Cormohipparion did not survive into the late Vallesian, MN10 (9.9–8.9 Ma), Hippotherium and Sivalhippus did and the Cremohipparion and Hipparion s.s. lineages originated. During the early and middle Turolian (MN11–12, 8.9–6.8 Ma) Hippotherium, Sivalhippus, Cremohipparion and Hipparion persisted and new lineages, Eurygnathohippus, Plesiohipparion, Baryhipparion and Shanxihippus originated. An initial extinction interval occurred at the end of the Miocene, MN13 (6.8–5.3 Ma) wherein all but one endemic species of Hippotherium, H. malpassi (Italy), Hipparion and several species of Cremohipparion became extinct. Lineage and species reduction continued across the Mio-Pliocene boundary so that by the beginning of the Pliocene (MN14, 5.3 Ma) only African species of Eurygnathohippus, Chinese Plesiohipparion houfenense and Proboscidipparion sinense remained. The later Pliocene (MN15–16, ca. 5.0–2.5 Ma) documents the persistence of endemic Chinese Baryhipparion insperatum, modest diversification of African Eurygnatohippus spp. and Chinese Plesiohipparion and Proboscidipparion spp. Eurygnatohippus made a limited geographic extension into the Indian subcontinent during MN16, whereas Pleisohipparion and Proboscidipparion extended their ranges into Eurasia during MN15 and MN16. The latest occurring hipparions are Proboscidipparion sinense at 1.0 Ma in China and Eurygnatohippus cornelianus in Africa 300 kg), with the smaller forms being predominately grass feeders and larger ones being mixed feeders. Decreased hipparion lineage and species diversity in the Pliocene was accompanied by increased average body size and hypsodonty probably in response to more seasonal Eurasian and African environments. There is no evidence that hipparions ever adapted to cold and dry Old World Pleistocene environments. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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