Plasmodium falciparum-like parasites infecting wild apes in southern Cameroon do not represent a recurrent source of human malaria
| Autor: | Paul M. Sharp, Weimin Liu, Martine Peeters, Magnus Manske, Steve Ahuka-Mundeke, Gerald H. Learn, Dominic P. Kwiatkowski, Jordan A. Malenke, Yingying Li, George M. Shaw, Julian C. Rayner, Frederic D. Bushman, Christian Laurent, Kyle Bittinger, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Beatrice H. Hahn, Eric Delaporte, Brandon F. Keele, Eitel Mpoudi Ngole, Sesh A. Sundararaman, Fatima Mouacha |
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| Rok vydání: | 2013 |
| Předmět: |
Plasmodium diversity
Disease reservoir Plasmodium Pan troglodytes diagnostic Laverania PCR Molecular Sequence Data Gorilla Plasmodium malariae DNA Mitochondrial Polymerase Chain Reaction Laverania nextgen sequencing Species Specificity biology.animal parasitic diseases Animals Humans Cameroon Phylogeny Disease Reservoirs Genetics Likelihood Functions Multidisciplinary Gorilla gorilla biology Base Sequence Models Genetic High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing Plasmodium falciparum Bayes Theorem Nucleic acid amplification technique Biological Sciences biology.organism_classification Plasmodium ovale Virology great apes Malaria Ape Diseases coinfections Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques |
| Zdroj: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110(17) |
| ISSN: | 1091-6490 |
| Popis: | Wild-living chimpanzees and gorillas harbor a multitude of Plasmodium species, including six of the subgenus Laverania , one of which served as the progenitor of Plasmodium falciparum . Despite the magnitude of this reservoir, it is unknown whether apes represent a source of human infections. Here, we used Plasmodium species-specific PCR, single-genome amplification, and 454 sequencing to screen humans from remote areas of southern Cameroon for ape Laverania infections. Among 1,402 blood samples, we found 1,000 to be Plasmodium mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) positive, all of which contained human parasites as determined by sequencing and/or restriction enzyme digestion. To exclude low-abundance infections, we subjected 514 of these samples to 454 sequencing, targeting a region of the mtDNA genome that distinguishes ape from human Laverania species. Using algorithms specifically developed to differentiate rare Plasmodium variants from 454-sequencing error, we identified single and mixed-species infections with P. falciparum , Plasmodium malariae , and/or Plasmodium ovale . However, none of the human samples contained ape Laverania parasites, including the gorilla precursor of P. falciparum . To characterize further the diversity of P. falciparum in Cameroon, we used single-genome amplification to amplify 3.4-kb mtDNA fragments from 229 infected humans. Phylogenetic analysis identified 62 new variants, all of which clustered with extant P. falciparum , providing further evidence that P. falciparum emerged following a single gorilla-to-human transmission. Thus, unlike Plasmodium knowlesi -infected macaques in southeast Asia, African apes harboring Laverania parasites do not seem to serve as a recurrent source of human malaria, a finding of import to ongoing control and eradication measures. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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