SO3H-functionalization of sub-bituminous coal as a highly active acidic catalyst during the transesterification of spent sunflower oil; characterization, application, and mechanism
| Autor: | Ali A. AlHammadi, Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny, Sherouk M. Ibrahim, Mostafa R. Abukhadra, Jae-Jin Shim |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
inorganic chemicals
Waste sunflower oil food.ingredient Carbonization Chemistry business.industry Sunflower oil Acidic catalyst Sulfonation Sulfuric acid Sub-bituminous coal Transesterification Catalysis TK1-9971 chemistry.chemical_compound Kinetics General Energy food Coal Methanol Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering business Nuclear chemistry |
| Zdroj: | Energy Reports, Vol 7, Iss, Pp 8699-8710 (2021) |
| ISSN: | 2352-4847 |
| Popis: | Raw coal without carbonization was treated with sulfuric acid at different concentrations (70% to 95%) as a controlled sulfonation process to produce a simple and effective acidic catalyst. The synthetic catalyst (S.Coal) at the best H 2 SO4 concentration (95%) showed the best acid density (8.4 mmol/g), the best surface area (26.4 m2/g), and the best catalytic activity during the transesterification of the waste sunflower oil. The best yield (98.8%) at low-temperature conditions (40 °C) was achieved after 60 min using 3 g of the catalyst and at a methanol/oil ratio of 20:1. At high-temperature conditions (120 °C), the yield was enhanced to 99.5% after 30 min only considering the catalyst quantity and the methanol content as the same values. The S.Coal as a catalyst is of remarkable reusability for five transesterification runs either at low-temperature conditions (40 °C) or at high-temperature conditions (120 °C). Additionally, the catalyst is of higher catalytic performances than several basic and acidic catalysts demonstrate the efficiency of the sulfonation process on the raw coal without carbonization. The kinetic properties of the occurred transesterification reactions over S.coal followed the Pseudo-First order behavior and of low activation energy. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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